5074132
1
apa
50
default
844
https://c4ha.org/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A7750%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22U35JLVYB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adamou%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-04-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BAdamou%2C%20M.%2C%20Jones%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Fullen%2C%20T.%2C%20Alty%2C%20B.%2C%20Ward%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nixon%20Mills%2C%20J.%20%282025%29.%20Enhancing%20Adult%20Autism%20Diagnostic%20Pathways%3A%20The%20Role%20of%20Clinical%20Triage%20in%20Efficient%20Service%20Provision.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Clinical%20Medicine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%202933.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fjcm14092933%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fjcm14092933%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Enhancing%20Adult%20Autism%20Diagnostic%20Pathways%3A%20The%20Role%20of%20Clinical%20Triage%20in%20Efficient%20Service%20Provision%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marios%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adamou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tim%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fullen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bronwen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alty%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ward%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nixon%20Mills%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20Autism%20spectrum%20disorder%20%28ASD%29%20is%20a%20lifelong%20neurodevelopmental%20condition%20affecting%201.1%25%20of%20adults.%20The%20increasing%20incidence%20of%20ASD%20has%20led%20to%20pressurised%20diagnostic%20services.%20Objective%3A%20We%20aimed%20to%20determine%20the%20number%20needed%20to%20harm%20%28NNH%29%20of%20criteria-informed%20triage%20assessment%20in%20an%20adult%20autism%20diagnostic%20service%20in%20the%20UK.%20Methods%3A%20The%20study%20was%20conducted%20at%20a%20specialist%20adult%20Autism%20Service%20in%20West%20Yorkshire%2C%20UK%2C%20from%20November%202021%20to%20August%202022.%20All%20eligible%20referrals%20were%20accepted%2C%20with%20criteria%20requiring%20service%20users%20to%20be%20over%2018%20years%20old%20and%20without%20an%20intellectual%20disability.%20The%20evaluation%20consisted%20of%2060%20cases.%20Results%3A%20None%20of%20the%20evaluation%20cases%20resulted%20in%20a%20clinical%20diagnosis%20of%20ASD%2C%20yielding%20an%20infinite%20number%20needed%20to%20harm%20%28NNH%29%2C%20demonstrating%20that%20every%20case%20benefited%20from%20the%20triage%20process%20without%20significant%20risk%20of%20harm.%20Conclusions%3A%20Triage%20enables%20services%20to%20gather%20comprehensive%20information%20about%20individual%20presentations%20and%20clinical%20needs%2C%20facilitating%20informed%20decision-making%20and%20better%20service%20utilisation.%20The%20evaluation%20demonstrates%20the%20safety%20and%20effectiveness%20of%20the%20triage%20process%2C%20with%20directions%20for%20further%20research%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-4-24%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fjcm14092933%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222077-0383%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC12072842%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T19%3A48%3A51Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VE773524%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hausman-kedem%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHausman-kedem%2C%20M.%2C%20Kosofsky%2C%20B.%2C%20Ross%2C%20G.%2C%20Yohay%2C%20K.%2C%20Forrest%2C%20E.%2C%20Dennin%2C%20M.%2C%20Patel%2C%20R.%2C%20Bennett%2C%20K.%2C%20Holahan%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ward%2C%20M.%20%282018%29.%20Accuracy%20of%20Reported%20Community%20Diagnosis%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Psychopathology%20and%20Behavioral%20Assessment%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B40%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B9.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10862-018-9642-1%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10862-018-9642-1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Accuracy%20of%20Reported%20Community%20Diagnosis%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Moran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hausman-kedem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Barry%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kosofsky%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gail%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ross%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kaleb%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yohay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Forrest%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Margaret%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dennin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reena%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kristen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bennett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holahan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ward%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20compare%20community%20diagnoses%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20%28ASD%29%20reported%20by%20parents%20to%20consensus%20diagnoses%20made%20using%20standardized%20tools%20plus%20clinical%20observation.%2087%20participants%20%2885%25%20male%2C%20average%20age%207.4%20years%29%2C%20with%20reported%20community%20diagnosis%20of%20ASD%20were%20evaluated%20using%20the%20Autism%20Diagnostic%20Observation%20Schedule%29%20%28ADOS-2%29%2C%20Differential%20Ability%20Scale%20%28DAS-II%29%2C%20and%20Vineland%20Adaptive%20Behavior%20Scales%20%28VABS-II%29.%20Detailed%20developmental%20and%20medical%20history%20was%20obtained%20from%20all%20participants.%20Diagnosis%20was%20based%20on%20clinical%20consensus%20of%20at%20least%20two%20expert%20clinicians%2C%20using%20test%20results%2C%20clinical%20observations%2C%20and%20parent%20report.%2023%25%20of%20participants%20with%20a%20reported%20community%20diagnosis%20of%20ASD%20were%20classified%20as%20non-spectrum%20based%20on%20our%20consensus%20diagnosis.%20ASD%20and%20non-spectrum%20participants%20did%20not%20differ%20on%20age%20at%20evaluation%20and%20age%20of%20first%20community%20diagnosis.%20Non-verbal%20IQ%20scores%20and%20Adaptive%20Behavior%20Composite%20scores%20were%20significantly%20higher%20in%20the%20non-spectrum%20group%20compared%20to%20the%20ASD%20group%20%28104.5%20%5Cu00b1%2021.7%20vs.%2080.1%20%5Cu00b1%2021.6%2C%20p%20%26lt%3B%20.01%3B%2071.1%20%5Cu00b1%2015%20versus%2079.5%20%5Cu00b1%2017.6%2C%20p%20%26lt%3B%20.05%2C%20respectively%29.%20Participants%20enrolled%20with%20community%20diagnosis%20of%20PDD-NOS%20were%20significantly%20more%20likely%20to%20be%20classified%20as%20non-spectrum%20on%20the%20study%20consensus%20diagnosis%20than%20Participants%20with%20Autism%20or%20Asperger%20%2836%25%20versus%209.5%25%2C%20Odds%20Ratio%20%3D%205.4%2C%20p%20%26lt%3B%20.05%29.%20This%20study%20shows%20suboptimal%20agreement%20between%20community%20diagnoses%20of%20ASD%20and%20consensus%20diagnosis%20using%20standardized%20instruments.%20These%20findings%20are%20based%20on%20limited%20data%2C%20and%20should%20be%20further%20studied%2C%20taking%20into%20consideration%20the%20influence%20of%20DSM%205%20diagnostic%20criteria%20on%20ASD%20prevalence.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10862-018-9642-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T19%3A41%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E267DHYZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hill%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-03-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHill%2C%20A.%20%282024%2C%20March%204%29.%20Some%20NHS%20centres%20twice%20as%20likely%20to%20diagnose%20adults%20as%20autistic%2C%20study%20finds.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Guardian%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.theguardian.com%5C%2Fsociety%5C%2F2024%5C%2Fmar%5C%2F04%5C%2Fsome-nhs-centres-twice-as-likely-to-diagnose-adults-as-autistic-study-finds%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.theguardian.com%5C%2Fsociety%5C%2F2024%5C%2Fmar%5C%2F04%5C%2Fsome-nhs-centres-twice-as-likely-to-diagnose-adults-as-autistic-study-finds%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22newspaperArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Some%20NHS%20centres%20twice%20as%20likely%20to%20diagnose%20adults%20as%20autistic%2C%20study%20finds%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amelia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Landmark%20research%20suggests%20people%20have%20an%2085%25%20chance%20of%20positive%20assessment%20at%20some%20centres%20in%20England%20and%2035%25%20in%20others%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-03-04T14%3A08%3A00.000Z%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22Society%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-GB%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220261-3077%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.theguardian.com%5C%2Fsociety%5C%2F2024%5C%2Fmar%5C%2F04%5C%2Fsome-nhs-centres-twice-as-likely-to-diagnose-adults-as-autistic-study-finds%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T19%3A40%3A38Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BQFIPB8K%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arvidsson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BArvidsson%2C%20O.%2C%20Brikell%2C%20I.%2C%20Larsson%2C%20H.%2C%20Lichtenstein%2C%20P.%2C%20Kuja-Halkola%2C%20R.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20M.%2C%20Gillberg%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lundstr%26%23xF6%3Bm%2C%20S.%20%282025%29.%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms%20in%2018-year-olds%20%26%23x2013%3B%20A%20population-based%20study%20of%20twins%20born%201993%20to%202001.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPsychiatry%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B351%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20116613.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms%20in%2018-year-olds%20%5Cu2013%20A%20population-based%20study%20of%20twins%20born%201993%20to%202001%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olof%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arvidsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isabell%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brikell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henrik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichtenstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralf%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuja-Halkola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mats%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sebastian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lundstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3A%20The%20diagnostic%20prevalences%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20%28ASD%29%20and%20Attention-Deficit%5C%2FHyperactivity%20Disorder%20%28ADHD%29%20have%20increased%20dramatically%20over%20the%20past%20two%20decades%20in%20the%20western%20world%2C%20particularly%20among%20teenagers%20and%20young%20adults.%20Here%2C%20we%20aimed%20to%20investigate%20whether%20there%20had%20been%20a%20corresponding%20increase%20in%20parent%20reported%20symptoms%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20a%20population-based%20sample%20of%2018-year-old%20twins%20born%20between%201993-2001.%5CnMethods%3A%20Data%20were%20collected%20in%20the%20Child%20and%20Adolescent%20Twin%20Study%20in%20Sweden%20%28CATSS%29%2C%20in%20which%20parents%20report%20on%20symptoms%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20connection%20with%20their%20children%5Cu00b4s%2018th%20birthday.%20Trends%20across%209%20consecutive%20birth%20years%20in%20reported%20symptoms%20were%20analyzed%20as%20population%20mean%20scores%20and%20with%20percentilebased%20cut-offs%20using%20linear%20and%20logistic%20regression%20methods.%5CnResults%3A%20For%20ASD%2C%20there%20was%20no%20increase%20in%20the%20symptom%20phenotype%20across%20the%20examined%20birth%20years%2C%20neither%20at%20the%20population%20mean%20level%20nor%20at%20or%20above%20the%2095th%20percentile%20of%20the%20ASD%20symptom%20score.%20For%20ADHD%2C%20there%20was%20a%20small%20-%20but%20statistically%20significant%20-%20increase%20over%20time%20of%20the%20population%20mean%20ADHD%20symptom%20score%20in%20girls%20%28regression%20coefficient%3A%200.046%20%2895%20%25%20Confidence%20interval%200.025%20%5Cu2013%200.066%29.%20p%20%26lt%3B%200.001%29%2C%20but%20not%20in%20boys.%20The%20prevalence%20at%20or%20above%20the%2090th%20percentile%20of%20the%20ADHD%20symptom%20score%20was%20stable%20in%20boys%20but%20increased%20statistically%20significantly%20in%20girls%20%28Odds%20Ratio%3A%201.053%20%2895%20%25%20Confidence%20interval%201.016-1.094%29.%20p%20%3D%200.005%29.%5CnConclusions%3A%20The%20rise%20in%20clinical%20diagnoses%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20the%20adolescent%5C%2Fyoung%20adult%20population%20does%20not%20seem%20to%20be%20parallelled%20by%20a%20similar%20increase%20in%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2209%5C%2F2025%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2201651781%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0165178125002616%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T17%3A55%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2224G6WCH8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arvidsson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BArvidsson%2C%20O.%2C%20Brikell%2C%20I.%2C%20Larsson%2C%20H.%2C%20Lichtenstein%2C%20P.%2C%20Kuja-Halkola%2C%20R.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20M.%2C%20Gillberg%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lundstr%26%23xF6%3Bm%2C%20S.%20%282025%29.%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms%20in%2018-year-olds%20%26%23x2013%3B%20A%20population-based%20study%20of%20twins%20born%201993%20to%202001.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPsychiatry%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B351%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20116613.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms%20in%2018-year-olds%20%5Cu2013%20A%20population-based%20study%20of%20twins%20born%201993%20to%202001%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Olof%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arvidsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Isabell%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brikell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henrik%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lichtenstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ralf%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kuja-Halkola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mats%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gillberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sebastian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lundstr%5Cu00f6m%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%5CnThe%20diagnostic%20prevalences%20of%20Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder%20%28ASD%29%20and%20Attention-Deficit%5C%2FHyperactivity%20Disorder%20%28ADHD%29%20have%20increased%20dramatically%20over%20the%20past%20two%20decades%20in%20the%20western%20world%2C%20particularly%20among%20teenagers%20and%20young%20adults.%20Here%2C%20we%20aimed%20to%20investigate%20whether%20there%20had%20been%20a%20corresponding%20increase%20in%20parent%20reported%20symptoms%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20a%20population-based%20sample%20of%2018-year-old%20twins%20born%20between%201993-2001.%5CnMethods%5CnData%20were%20collected%20in%20the%20Child%20and%20Adolescent%20Twin%20Study%20in%20Sweden%20%28CATSS%29%2C%20in%20which%20parents%20report%20on%20symptoms%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20connection%20with%20their%20children%5Cu00b4s%2018th%20birthday.%20Trends%20across%209%20consecutive%20birth%20years%20in%20reported%20symptoms%20were%20analyzed%20as%20population%20mean%20scores%20and%20with%20percentile-based%20cut-offs%20using%20linear%20and%20logistic%20regression%20methods.%5CnResults%5CnFor%20ASD%2C%20there%20was%20no%20increase%20in%20the%20symptom%20phenotype%20across%20the%20examined%20birth%20years%2C%20neither%20at%20the%20population%20mean%20level%20nor%20at%20or%20above%20the%2095th%20percentile%20of%20the%20ASD%20symptom%20score.%20For%20ADHD%2C%20there%20was%20a%20small%20-%20but%20statistically%20significant%20-%20increase%20over%20time%20of%20the%20population%20mean%20ADHD%20symptom%20score%20in%20girls%20%28regression%20coefficient%3A%200.046%20%2895%20%25%20Confidence%20interval%200.025%20%5Cu2013%200.066%29.%20p%20%26lt%3B%200.001%29%2C%20but%20not%20in%20boys.%20The%20prevalence%20at%20or%20above%20the%2090th%20percentile%20of%20the%20ADHD%20symptom%20score%20was%20stable%20in%20boys%20but%20increased%20statistically%20significantly%20in%20girls%20%28Odds%20Ratio%3A%201.053%20%2895%20%25%20Confidence%20interval%201.016-1.094%29.%20p%20%3D%200.005%29.%5CnConclusions%5CnThe%20rise%20in%20clinical%20diagnoses%20of%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20in%20the%20adolescent%5C%2Fyoung%20adult%20population%20does%20not%20seem%20to%20be%20parallelled%20by%20a%20similar%20increase%20in%20ASD%20and%20ADHD%20symptoms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-09-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.psychres.2025.116613%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220165-1781%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS0165178125002616%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T17%3A53%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228ES79UNW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gallagher%20and%20Goodman%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-10-29%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGallagher%2C%20C.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Goodman%2C%20M.%20S.%20%282010%29.%20Hepatitis%20B%20Vaccination%20of%20Male%20Neonates%20and%20Autism%20Diagnosis%2C%20NHIS%201997%26%23x2013%3B2002.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Toxicology%20and%20Environmental%20Health%2C%20Part%20A%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B73%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2824%29%2C%201665%26%23x2013%3B1677.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F15287394.2010.519317%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F15287394.2010.519317%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hepatitis%20B%20Vaccination%20of%20Male%20Neonates%20and%20Autism%20Diagnosis%2C%20NHIS%201997%5Cu20132002%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolyn%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gallagher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melody%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Universal%20hepatitis%20B%20vaccination%20was%20recommended%20for%20U.S.%20newborns%20in%201991%3B%20however%2C%20safety%20findings%20are%20mixed.%20The%20association%20between%20hepatitis%20B%20vaccination%20of%20male%20neonates%20and%20parental%20report%20of%20autism%20diagnosis%20was%20determined.%20This%20cross-sectional%20study%20used%20weighted%20probability%20samples%20obtained%20from%20National%20Health%20Interview%20Survey%201997%5Cu20132002%20data%20sets.%20Vaccination%20status%20was%20determined%20from%20the%20vaccination%20record.%20Logistic%20regression%20was%20used%20to%20estimate%20the%20odds%20for%20autism%20diagnosis%20associated%20with%20neonatal%20hepatitis%20B%20vaccination%20among%20boys%20age%203%5Cu201317%20years%2C%20born%20before%201999%2C%20adjusted%20for%20race%2C%20maternal%20education%2C%20and%20two-parent%20household.%20Boys%20vaccinated%20as%20neonates%20had%20threefold%20greater%20odds%20for%20autism%20diagnosis%20compared%20to%20boys%20never%20vaccinated%20or%20vaccinated%20after%20the%20first%20month%20of%20life.%20Non-Hispanic%20white%20boys%20were%2064%25%20less%20likely%20to%20have%20autism%20diagnosis%20relative%20to%20nonwhite%20boys.%20Findings%20suggest%20that%20U.S.%20male%20neonates%20vaccinated%20with%20the%20hepatitis%20B%20vaccine%20prior%20to%201999%20%28from%20vaccination%20record%29%20had%20a%20threefold%20higher%20risk%20for%20parental%20report%20of%20autism%20diagnosis%20compared%20to%20boys%20not%20vaccinated%20as%20neonates%20during%20that%20same%20time%20period.%20Nonwhite%20boys%20bore%20a%20greater%20risk.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010-10-29%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F15287394.2010.519317%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221528-7394%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F15287394.2010.519317%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T15%3A29%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ISTSAV3G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-03-27%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Childhood%20Immunization%20Schedule%20and%20Safety%3A%20Stakeholder%20Concerns%2C%20Scientific%20Evidence%2C%20and%20Future%20Studies%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%282013%29.%20National%20Academies%20Press.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.17226%5C%2F13563%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Childhood%20Immunization%20Schedule%20and%20Safety%3A%20Stakeholder%20Concerns%2C%20Scientific%20Evidence%2C%20and%20Future%20Studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013-03-27%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-309-26702-1%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nap.edu%5C%2Fcatalog%5C%2F13563%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T07%3A46%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AJA8S8MQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-03-26%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAdverse%20Effects%20of%20Vaccines%3A%20Evidence%20and%20Causality%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%282012%29.%20National%20Academies%20Press.%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.17226%5C%2F13164%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22book%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Adverse%20Effects%20of%20Vaccines%3A%20Evidence%20and%20Causality%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012-03-26%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22978-0-309-21435-3%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nap.edu%5C%2Fcatalog%5C%2F13164%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T07%3A46%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U9XXCKBV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BDownload%3A%20The%20Childhood%20Immunization%20Schedule%20and%20Safety%3A%20Stakeholder%20Concerns%2C%20Scientific%20Evidence%2C%20and%20Future%20Studies%20%7C%20The%20National%20Academies%20Press%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20November%2020%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13563%23%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13563%23%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Download%3A%20The%20Childhood%20Immunization%20Schedule%20and%20Safety%3A%20Stakeholder%20Concerns%2C%20Scientific%20Evidence%2C%20and%20Future%20Studies%20%7C%20The%20National%20Academies%20Press%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13563%23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T07%3A38%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224FGJCP3P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BDownload%3A%20Adverse%20Effects%20of%20Vaccines%3A%20Evidence%20and%20Causality%20%7C%20The%20National%20Academies%20Press%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20November%2020%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13164%23%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13164%23%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Download%3A%20Adverse%20Effects%20of%20Vaccines%3A%20Evidence%20and%20Causality%20%7C%20The%20National%20Academies%20Press%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%5C%2Fdownload%5C%2F13164%23%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T07%3A38%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P4DXAYMI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Geier%20and%20Geier%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGeier%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Geier%2C%20M.%20R.%20%282006%29.%20A%20meta-analysis%20epidemiological%20assessment%20of%20neurodevelopmental%20disorders%20following%20vaccines%20administered%20from%201994%20through%202000%20in%20the%20United%20States.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNeuro%20Endocrinology%20Letters%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B27%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20401%26%23x2013%3B413.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20meta-analysis%20epidemiological%20assessment%20of%20neurodevelopmental%20disorders%20following%20vaccines%20administered%20from%201994%20through%202000%20in%20the%20United%20States%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geier%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20Thimerosal%20is%20an%20ethylmercury-containing%20compound%20%2849.6%25%20mercury%20by%20weight%29%20used%20as%20at%20the%20preservative%20level%20in%20vaccines%20%280.005%25%20to%200.01%25%29.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20Statistical%20modeling%20in%20a%20meta-analysis%20epidemiological%20assessment%20of%20the%20Vaccine%20Adverse%20Event%20Reporting%20System%20%28VAERS%29%20for%20neurodevelopment%20disorders%20%28NDs%29%20reported%20following%20Diphtheria-Tetanus-whole-cell-Pertussis%20%28DTP%29%20vaccines%20in%20comparison%20to%20Diphtheria-Tetanus-whole-cell-Pertussis-Haemophilus%20Influenzae%20Type%20b%20%28DTPH%29%20vaccines%20%28administered%3A%201994-1997%29%20and%20following%20Thimerosal-containing%20Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular-Pertussis%20%28DTaP%29%2C%20vaccines%20in%20comparison%20to%20Thimerosal-free%20DTaP%20vaccines%20%28administered%3A%201997-2000%29%2C%20was%20undertaken.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20Significantly%20increased%20adjusted%20%28sex%2C%20age%2C%20vaccine%20type%2C%20vaccine%20manufacturer%29%20risks%20of%20autism%2C%20speech%20disorders%2C%20mental%20retardation%2C%20personality%20disorders%2C%20thinking%20abnormalities%2C%20ataxia%2C%20and%20NDs%20in%20general%2C%20with%20minimal%20systematic%20error%20or%20confounding%2C%20were%20associated%20with%20TCV%20exposure.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20It%20is%20clear%20from%20the%20results%20of%20the%20present%20epidemiological%20study%20and%20other%20recently%20published%20data%20associating%20mercury%20exposure%20with%20childhood%20NDs%2C%20additional%20ND%20research%20should%20be%20undertaken%20in%20the%20context%20of%20evaluating%20mercury-associated%20exposures%2C%20especially%20from%20Thimerosal-containing%20vaccines.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220172-780X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A54%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GEYT7NYC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Gidengil%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGidengil%2C%20C.%2C%20Goetz%2C%20M.%20B.%2C%20Newberry%2C%20S.%2C%20Maglione%2C%20M.%2C%20Hall%2C%20O.%2C%20Larkin%2C%20J.%2C%20Motala%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hempel%2C%20S.%20%282021%29.%20Safety%20of%20vaccines%20used%20for%20routine%20immunization%20in%20the%20United%20States%3A%20An%20updated%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BVaccine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B39%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2828%29%2C%203696%26%23x2013%3B3716.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2021.03.079%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2021.03.079%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Safety%20of%20vaccines%20used%20for%20routine%20immunization%20in%20the%20United%20States%3A%20An%20updated%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Courtney%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gidengil%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20Bidwell%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goetz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sydne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newberry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Margaret%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maglione%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Owen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hall%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jody%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larkin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aneesa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Motala%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susanne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hempel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BackgroundUnderstanding%20the%20safety%20of%20vaccines%20is%20critical%20to%20inform%20decisions%20about%20vaccination.%20Our%20objective%20was%20to%20conduct%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20the%20safety%20of%20vaccines%20recommended%20for%20children%2C%20adults%2C%20and%20pregnant%20women%20in%20the%20United%20States.MethodsWe%20searched%20the%20literature%20in%20November%202020%20to%20update%20a%202014%20Agency%20for%20Healthcare%20Research%20and%20Quality%20review%20by%20integrating%20newly%20available%20data.%20Studies%20of%20vaccines%20that%20used%20a%20comparator%20and%20reported%20the%20presence%20or%20absence%20of%20key%20adverse%20events%20were%20eligible.%20Adhering%20to%20Evidence-based%20Practice%20Center%20methodology%2C%20we%20assessed%20the%20strength%20of%20evidence%20%28SoE%29%20for%20all%20evidence%20statements.%20The%20systematic%20review%20is%20registered%20in%20PROSPERO%20%28CRD42020180089%29.ResultsOf%2056%2C603%20reviewed%20citations%2C%20338%20studies%20reported%20in%20518%20publications%20met%20inclusion%20criteria.%20For%20children%2C%20SoE%20was%20high%20for%20no%20increased%20risk%20of%20autism%20following%20measles%2C%20mumps%2C%20and%20rubella%20%28MMR%29%20vaccine.%20SoE%20was%20high%20for%20increased%20risk%20of%20febrile%20seizures%20with%20MMR.%20There%20was%20no%20evidence%20of%20increased%20risk%20of%26nbsp%3B%20intussusception%20with%20rotavirus%20vaccine%26nbsp%3Bat%20the%20latest%20follow-up%20%28moderate%20SoE%29%2C%20nor%20of%20diabetes%20%28high%20SoE%29.%20There%20was%20no%20evidence%20of%20increased%20risk%20or%20insufficient%20evidence%20for%20key%20adverse%20events%20for%20newer%20vaccines%20such%20as%209-valent%20human%20papillomavirus%20and%20meningococcal%20B%20vaccines.%20For%20adults%2C%20there%20was%20no%20evidence%20of%20increased%20risk%20%28varied%20SoE%29%20or%20insufficient%20evidence%20for%20key%20adverse%20events%20for%20the%20new%20adjuvanted%20inactivated%20influenza%20vaccine%20and%26nbsp%3Brecombinant%20adjuvanted%20zoster%20vaccine.%20We%20found%20no%20evidence%20of%20increased%20risk%20%28varied%20SoE%29%20for%20key%20adverse%20events%20among%20pregnant%20women%20following%20tetanus%2C%20diphtheria%2C%20and%20acellular%20pertussis%20vaccine%2C%20including%20stillbirth%20%28moderate%20SoE%29.ConclusionsAcross%20a%20large%20body%20of%20research%20we%20found%20few%20associations%20of%20vaccines%20and%20serious%20key%20adverse%20events%3B%20however%2C%20rare%20events%20are%20challenging%20to%20study.%20Any%20adverse%20events%20should%20be%20weighed%20against%20the%20protective%20benefits%20that%20vaccines%20provide.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-06-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2021.03.079%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220264-410X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fescholarship.org%5C%2Fuc%5C%2Fitem%5C%2F26p483qf%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A53%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZMT4RA2P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Taylor%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-06-17%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTaylor%2C%20L.%20E.%2C%20Swerdfeger%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Eslick%2C%20G.%20D.%20%282014%29.%20Vaccines%20are%20not%20associated%20with%20autism%3A%20an%20evidence-based%20meta-analysis%20of%20case-control%20and%20cohort%20studies.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BVaccine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B32%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2829%29%2C%203623%26%23x2013%3B3629.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2014.04.085%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2014.04.085%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Vaccines%20are%20not%20associated%20with%20autism%3A%20an%20evidence-based%20meta-analysis%20of%20case-control%20and%20cohort%20studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luke%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amy%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swerdfeger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guy%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eslick%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20has%20been%20enormous%20debate%20regarding%20the%20possibility%20of%20a%20link%20between%20childhood%20vaccinations%20and%20the%20subsequent%20development%20of%20autism.%20This%20has%20in%20recent%20times%20become%20a%20major%20public%20health%20issue%20with%20vaccine%20preventable%20diseases%20increasing%20in%20the%20community%20due%20to%20the%20fear%20of%20a%20%26%23039%3Blink%26%23039%3B%20between%20vaccinations%20and%20autism.%20We%20performed%20a%20meta-analysis%20to%20summarise%20available%20evidence%20from%20case-control%20and%20cohort%20studies%20on%20this%20topic%20%28MEDLINE%2C%20PubMed%2C%20EMBASE%2C%20Google%20Scholar%20up%20to%20April%2C%202014%29.%20Eligible%20studies%20assessed%20the%20relationship%20between%20vaccine%20administration%20and%20the%20subsequent%20development%20of%20autism%20or%20autism%20spectrum%20disorders%20%28ASD%29.%20Two%20reviewers%20extracted%20data%20on%20study%20characteristics%2C%20methods%2C%20and%20outcomes.%20Disagreement%20was%20resolved%20by%20consensus%20with%20another%20author.%20Five%20cohort%20studies%20involving%201%2C256%2C407%20children%2C%20and%20five%20case-control%20studies%20involving%209%2C920%20children%20were%20included%20in%20this%20analysis.%20The%20cohort%20data%20revealed%20no%20relationship%20between%20vaccination%20and%20autism%20%28OR%3A%200.99%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.92%20to%201.06%29%20or%20ASD%20%28OR%3A%200.91%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.68%20to%201.20%29%2C%20nor%20was%20there%20a%20relationship%20between%20autism%20and%20MMR%20%28OR%3A%200.84%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.70%20to%201.01%29%2C%20or%20thimerosal%20%28OR%3A%201.00%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.77%20to%201.31%29%2C%20or%20mercury%20%28Hg%29%20%28OR%3A%201.00%3B%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.93%20to%201.07%29.%20Similarly%20the%20case-control%20data%20found%20no%20evidence%20for%20increased%20risk%20of%20developing%20autism%20or%20ASD%20following%20MMR%2C%20Hg%2C%20or%20thimerosal%20exposure%20when%20grouped%20by%20condition%20%28OR%3A%200.90%2C%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.83%20to%200.98%3B%20p%3D0.02%29%20or%20grouped%20by%20exposure%20type%20%28OR%3A%200.85%2C%2095%25%20CI%3A%200.76%20to%200.95%3B%20p%3D0.01%29.%20Findings%20of%20this%20meta-analysis%20suggest%20that%20vaccinations%20are%20not%20associated%20with%20the%20development%20of%20autism%20or%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20components%20of%20the%20vaccines%20%28thimerosal%20or%20mercury%29%20or%20multiple%20vaccines%20%28MMR%29%20are%20not%20associated%20with%20the%20development%20of%20autism%20or%20autism%20spectrum%20disorder.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-06-17%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.vaccine.2014.04.085%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221873-2518%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A52%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BIZVR35H%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hviid%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-04-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHviid%2C%20A.%2C%20Hansen%2C%20J.%20V.%2C%20Frisch%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Melbye%2C%20M.%20%282019%29.%20Measles%2C%20Mumps%2C%20Rubella%20Vaccination%20and%20Autism%3A%20A%20Nationwide%20Cohort%20Study.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAnnals%20of%20Internal%20Medicine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B170%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%288%29%2C%20513%26%23x2013%3B520.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Measles%2C%20Mumps%2C%20Rubella%20Vaccination%20and%20Autism%3A%20A%20Nationwide%20Cohort%20Study%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hviid%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f8rgen%20Vinsl%5Cu00f8v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mads%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melbye%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20The%20hypothesized%20link%20between%20the%20measles%2C%20mumps%2C%20rubella%20%28MMR%29%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20continues%20to%20cause%20concern%20and%20challenge%20vaccine%20uptake.%5CnOBJECTIVE%3A%20To%20evaluate%20whether%20the%20MMR%20vaccine%20increases%20the%20risk%20for%20autism%20in%20children%2C%20subgroups%20of%20children%2C%20or%20time%20periods%20after%20vaccination.%5CnDESIGN%3A%20Nationwide%20cohort%20study.%5CnSETTING%3A%20Denmark.%5CnPARTICIPANTS%3A%20657%5Cu00a0461%20children%20born%20in%20Denmark%20from%201999%20through%2031%20December%202010%2C%20with%20follow-up%20from%201%20year%20of%20age%20and%20through%2031%20August%202013.%5CnMEASUREMENTS%3A%20Danish%20population%20registries%20were%20used%20to%20link%20information%20on%20MMR%20vaccination%2C%20autism%20diagnoses%2C%20other%20childhood%20vaccines%2C%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20and%20autism%20risk%20factors%20to%20children%20in%20the%20cohort.%20Survival%20analysis%20of%20the%20time%20to%20autism%20diagnosis%20with%20Cox%20proportional%20hazards%20regression%20was%20used%20to%20estimate%20hazard%20ratios%20of%20autism%20according%20to%20MMR%20vaccination%20status%2C%20with%20adjustment%20for%20age%2C%20birth%20year%2C%20sex%2C%20other%20childhood%20vaccines%2C%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20and%20autism%20risk%20factors%20%28based%20on%20a%20disease%20risk%20score%29.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20During%205%5Cu00a0025%5Cu00a0754%20person-years%20of%20follow-up%2C%206517%20children%20were%20diagnosed%20with%20autism%20%28incidence%20rate%2C%20129.7%20per%20100%5Cu00a0000%20person-years%29.%20Comparing%20MMR-vaccinated%20with%20MMR-unvaccinated%20children%20yielded%20a%20fully%20adjusted%20autism%20hazard%20ratio%20of%200.93%20%2895%25%20CI%2C%200.85%20to%201.02%29.%20Similarly%2C%20no%20increased%20risk%20for%20autism%20after%20MMR%20vaccination%20was%20consistently%20observed%20in%20subgroups%20of%20children%20defined%20according%20to%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20autism%20risk%20factors%20%28based%20on%20a%20disease%20risk%20score%29%20or%20other%20childhood%20vaccinations%2C%20or%20during%20specified%20time%20periods%20after%20vaccination.%5CnLIMITATION%3A%20No%20individual%20medical%20charts%20were%20reviewed.%5CnCONCLUSION%3A%20The%20study%20strongly%20supports%20that%20MMR%20vaccination%20does%20not%20increase%20the%20risk%20for%20autism%2C%20does%20not%20trigger%20autism%20in%20susceptible%20children%2C%20and%20is%20not%20associated%20with%20clustering%20of%20autism%20cases%20after%20vaccination.%20It%20adds%20to%20previous%20studies%20through%20significant%20additional%20statistical%20power%20and%20by%20addressing%20hypotheses%20of%20susceptible%20subgroups%20and%20clustering%20of%20cases.%5CnPRIMARY%20FUNDING%20SOURCE%3A%20Novo%20Nordisk%20Foundation%20and%20Danish%20Ministry%20of%20Health.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-04-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221539-3704%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A50%3A21Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RZJLH4G5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hviid%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-04-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHviid%2C%20A.%2C%20Hansen%2C%20J.%20V.%2C%20Frisch%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Melbye%2C%20M.%20%282019%29.%20Measles%2C%20Mumps%2C%20Rubella%20Vaccination%20and%20Autism.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BAnnals%20of%20Internal%20Medicine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B170%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%288%29%2C%20513%26%23x2013%3B520.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Measles%2C%20Mumps%2C%20Rubella%20Vaccination%20and%20Autism%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anders%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hviid%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J%5Cu00f8rgen%20Vinsl%5Cu00f8v%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hansen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Morten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mads%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melbye%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Background%3AThe%20hypothesized%20link%20between%20the%20measles%2C%20mumps%2C%20rubella%20%28MMR%29%20vaccine%20and%20autism%20continues%20to%20cause%20concern%20and%20challenge%20vaccine%20uptake.Objective%3ATo%20evaluate%20whether%20the%20MMR%20vaccine%20increases%20the%20risk%20for%20autism%20in%20children%2C%20subgroups%20of%20children%2C%20or%20time%20periods%20after%20vaccination.Design%3ANationwide%20cohort%20study.Setting%3ADenmark.Participants%3A657%5Cu00a0461%20children%20born%20in%20Denmark%20from%201999%20through%2031%20December%202010%2C%20with%20follow-up%20from%201%20year%20of%20age%20and%20through%2031%20August%202013.Measurements%3ADanish%20population%20registries%20were%20used%20to%20link%20information%20on%20MMR%20vaccination%2C%20autism%20diagnoses%2C%20other%20childhood%20vaccines%2C%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20and%20autism%20risk%20factors%20to%20children%20in%20the%20cohort.%20Survival%20analysis%20of%20the%20time%20to%20autism%20diagnosis%20with%20Cox%20proportional%20hazards%20regression%20was%20used%20to%20estimate%20hazard%20ratios%20of%20autism%20according%20to%20MMR%20vaccination%20status%2C%20with%20adjustment%20for%20age%2C%20birth%20year%2C%20sex%2C%20other%20childhood%20vaccines%2C%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20and%20autism%20risk%20factors%20%28based%20on%20a%20disease%20risk%20score%29.Results%3ADuring%205%5Cu00a0025%5Cu00a0754%20person-years%20of%20follow-up%2C%206517%20children%20were%20diagnosed%20with%20autism%20%28incidence%20rate%2C%20129.7%20per%20100%5Cu00a0000%20person-years%29.%20Comparing%20MMR-vaccinated%20with%20MMR-unvaccinated%20children%20yielded%20a%20fully%20adjusted%20autism%20hazard%20ratio%20of%200.93%20%2895%25%20CI%2C%200.85%20to%201.02%29.%20Similarly%2C%20no%20increased%20risk%20for%20autism%20after%20MMR%20vaccination%20was%20consistently%20observed%20in%20subgroups%20of%20children%20defined%20according%20to%20sibling%20history%20of%20autism%2C%20autism%20risk%20factors%20%28based%20on%20a%20disease%20risk%20score%29%20or%20other%20childhood%20vaccinations%2C%20or%20during%20specified%20time%20periods%20after%20vaccination.Limitation%3ANo%20individual%20medical%20charts%20were%20reviewed.Conclusion%3AThe%20study%20strongly%20supports%20that%20MMR%20vaccination%20does%20not%20increase%20the%20risk%20for%20autism%2C%20does%20not%20trigger%20autism%20in%20susceptible%20children%2C%20and%20is%20not%20associated%20with%20clustering%20of%20autism%20cases%20after%20vaccination.%20It%20adds%20to%20previous%20studies%20through%20significant%20additional%20statistical%20power%20and%20by%20addressing%20hypotheses%20of%20susceptible%20subgroups%20and%20clustering%20of%20cases.Primary%20Funding%20Source%3ANovo%20Nordisk%20Foundation%20and%20Danish%20Ministry%20of%20Health.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019-04-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-4819%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.acpjournals.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.7326%5C%2FM18-2101%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A49%3A00Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225G9MCMV8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-08-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BContentious%20study%20prompts%20backlash%20from%20autism%20researchers.%20%282021%2C%20August%2011%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Transmitter%3A%20Neuroscience%20News%20and%20Perspectives%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thetransmitter.org%5C%2Fspectrum%5C%2Fcontentious-study-prompts-backlash-from-autism-researchers%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thetransmitter.org%5C%2Fspectrum%5C%2Fcontentious-study-prompts-backlash-from-autism-researchers%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Contentious%20study%20prompts%20backlash%20from%20autism%20researchers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Conflicts%20of%20interest%20and%20methodological%20issues%20sully%20a%20study%20published%2018%20July%20in%20the%20Journal%20of%20Autism%20and%20Developmental%20Disorders%2C%20autism%20researchers%20say.%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22The%20Transmitter%3A%20Neuroscience%20News%20and%20Perspectives%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-08-11T11%3A00%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.thetransmitter.org%5C%2Fspectrum%5C%2Fcontentious-study-prompts-backlash-from-autism-researchers%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A46%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VKTXNKYA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhao%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BZhao%2C%20L.%2C%20Jones%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Konsoula%2C%20Z.%2C%20Nevison%2C%20C.%20D.%2C%20Reissner%2C%20K.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Parker%2C%20W.%20%282024%29.%20Acetaminophen%20causes%20neurodevelopmental%20injury%20in%20susceptible%20babies%20and%20children%3A%20no%20valid%20rationale%20for%20controversy.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BClinical%20and%20Experimental%20Pediatrics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B67%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%283%29%2C%20126%26%23x2013%3B139.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3345%5C%2Fcep.2022.01319%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3345%5C%2Fcep.2022.01319%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Acetaminophen%20causes%20neurodevelopmental%20injury%20in%20susceptible%20babies%20and%20children%3A%20no%20valid%20rationale%20for%20controversy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lisa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lauren%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zacharoula%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Konsoula%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cynthia%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nevison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathryn%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reissner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parker%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Despite%20the%20worldwide%20acceptance%20of%20acetaminophen%20%28APAP%29%20as%20a%20necessary%20medicine%20in%20pediatrics%2C%20evidence%20that%20early%20exposure%20to%20APAP%20causes%20neurodevelopmental%20injury%20in%20susceptible%20babies%20and%20children%20has%20been%20mounting%20for%20over%20a%20decade.%20The%20evidence%20is%20diverse%20and%20includes%20extensive%20work%20with%20laboratory%20animals%2C%20otherwise%20unexplained%20associations%2C%20factors%20associated%20with%20APAP%20metabolism%2C%20and%20limited%20studies%20in%20humans.%20Although%20the%20evidence%20has%20reached%20an%20overwhelming%20level%20and%20was%20recently%20reviewed%20in%20detail%2C%20controversy%20persists.%20This%20narrative%20review%20evaluates%20some%20of%20that%20controversy.%20Evidence%20from%20the%20pre-%20and%20postpartum%20periods%20was%20considered%20to%20avoid%20controversy%20raised%20by%20consideration%20of%20only%20limited%20evidence%20of%20risks%20during%20the%20prepartum%20period.%20Among%20other%20issues%2C%20the%20association%20between%20APAP%20use%20and%20the%20prevalence%20of%20neurodevelopmental%20disorders%20was%20considered.%20A%20systematic%20review%20revealed%20that%20the%20use%20of%20APAP%20in%20the%20pediatric%20population%20was%20never%20tracked%20carefully%3B%20however%2C%20historical%20events%20that%20affected%20its%20use%20were%20documented%20and%20are%20sufficient%20to%20establish%20apparent%20correlations%20with%20changes%20in%20the%20prevalence%20of%20neurodevelopmental%20disorders.%20Moreover%2C%20problems%20with%20the%20exclusive%20reliance%20on%20results%20of%20meta-analyses%20of%20large%20datasets%20with%20limited%20time%20frames%20of%20drug%20exposure%20were%20reviewed.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20evidence%20of%20why%20some%20children%20are%20susceptible%20to%20APAPinduced%20neurodevelopmental%20injuries%20was%20examined.%20We%20concluded%20that%20available%20evidence%20demonstrates%20that%20early%20exposure%20to%20APAP%20causes%20neurodevelopmental%20injury%20in%20susceptible%20babies%20and%20small%20children.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3345%5C%2Fcep.2022.01319%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222713-4148%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A45%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229WDFKWK7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Harrington%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHarrington%2C%20J.%20W.%2C%20Rosen%2C%20L.%2C%20Garnecho%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Patrick%2C%20P.%20A.%20%282006%29.%20Parental%20perceptions%20and%20use%20of%20complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20practices%20for%20children%20with%20autistic%20spectrum%20disorders%20in%20private%20practice.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Developmental%20and%20Behavioral%20Pediatrics%3A%20JDBP%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B27%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%20Suppl%29%2C%20S156-161.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1097%5C%2F00004703-200604002-00014%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1097%5C%2F00004703-200604002-00014%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Parental%20perceptions%20and%20use%20of%20complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20practices%20for%20children%20with%20autistic%20spectrum%20disorders%20in%20private%20practice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lawrence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garnecho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Patrick%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20prevalence%20of%20autistic%20spectrum%20disorder%20%28ASD%29%20in%20the%20United%20States%20is%20approximately%201%20in%20150%20children.%20Many%20health%20care%20providers%20are%20unaware%20of%20parental%20beliefs%20and%20treatments%2C%20both%20medical%20and%20complementary%2C%20that%20parents%20use%20for%20their%20child%20with%20ASD.%20Understanding%20these%20beliefs%20and%20practices%20concerning%20diagnosis%2C%20cause%2C%20and%20utilization%20of%20medical%20and%20complementary%20care%20may%20help%20physicians%20provide%20better%20comprehensive%20care.%20Parents%20of%20children%20with%20ASD%20from%202%20private%20practices-one%20in%20New%20York%20and%20one%20in%20New%20Jersey-were%20mailed%20a%206-page%2C%20self-administered%20survey.%20In%20addition%20to%20demographics%20and%20ASD%20type%2C%20the%20survey%20asked%20parents%20who%20diagnosed%20their%20child%20and%20if%20there%20was%20a%20perceived%20delay%20in%20that%20diagnosis%3B%20whether%20they%20believed%20there%20was%20any%20causal%20reason%20for%20their%20child%26%23039%3Bs%20autism%3B%20what%20chronic%20symptoms%2C%20if%20any%2C%20their%20child%20experiences%3B%20and%2C%20if%20they%20had%20used%20any%20complementary%20and%5C%2For%20alternative%20therapies%20and%20at%20whose%20recommendation.%20Respondents%20included%2077%20of%20the%20150%20parents%20%2851%25%29%20contacted.%20Most%20children%20were%20diagnosed%20by%20a%20neurologist%20and%5C%2For%20developmental%20pediatrician%20%2854%25%20and%2047%25%2C%20respectively%29.%20Average%20perceived%20delay%20in%20diagnosis%20was%2018%20months.%20Parents%20most%20frequently%20cited%20immunizations%20%2854%25%29%2C%20genetic%20predisposition%20%2853%25%29%2C%20and%20environmental%20exposure%20%2838%25%29%20as%20a%20cause%20of%20their%20child%26%23039%3Bs%20autism.%20Approximately%20half%20of%20children%20were%20reported%20as%20having%20at%20least%20one%20gastrointestinal%2C%20neurological%2C%20and%5C%2For%20allergic%20symptom%3B%20more%20than%20a%20third%20had%20immunological%20symptoms.%20Almost%20all%20parents%20%2895%25%29%20indicated%20some%20use%20of%20complementary%20and%20alternative%20medicine%20%28CAM%29%20therapies%2C%20with%20most%20of%20the%20self-reported%20referrals%20generated%20from%20a%20physician%20or%20nurse%20%2844%25%29.%20Systemic%20complaints%2C%20parental%20beliefs%2C%20and%20use%20of%20CAM%20practices%20warrant%20open%20discussion%20by%20all%20health%20care%20professionals%20who%20provide%20care%20to%20this%20population.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1097%5C%2F00004703-200604002-00014%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220196-206X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A45%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2295XN3IB3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nevison%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-09-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNevison%2C%20C.%20D.%20%282014%29.%20A%20comparison%20of%20temporal%20trends%20in%20United%20States%20autism%20prevalence%20to%20trends%20in%20suspected%20environmental%20factors.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BEnvironmental%20Health%3A%20A%20Global%20Access%20Science%20Source%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B13%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%2073.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1476-069X-13-73%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1186%5C%2F1476-069X-13-73%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20comparison%20of%20temporal%20trends%20in%20United%20States%20autism%20prevalence%20to%20trends%20in%20suspected%20environmental%20factors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cynthia%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nevison%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22BACKGROUND%3A%20The%20prevalence%20of%20diagnosed%20autism%20has%20increased%20rapidly%20over%20the%20last%20several%20decades%20among%20U.S.%20children.%20Environmental%20factors%20are%20thought%20to%20be%20driving%20this%20increase%20and%20a%20list%20of%20the%20top%20ten%20suspected%20environmental%20toxins%20was%20published%20recently.%5CnMETHODS%3A%20Temporal%20trends%20in%20autism%20for%20birth%20years%201970-2005%20were%20derived%20from%20a%20combination%20of%20data%20from%20the%20California%20Department%20of%20Developmental%20Services%20%28CDDS%29%20and%20the%20United%20States%20Individuals%20with%20Disabilities%20Education%20Act%20%28IDEA%29.%20Temporal%20trends%20in%20suspected%20toxins%20were%20derived%20from%20data%20compiled%20during%20an%20extensive%20literature%20survey.%20Toxin%20and%20autism%20trends%20were%20compared%20by%20visual%20inspection%20and%20computed%20correlation%20coefficients.%20Using%20IDEA%20data%2C%20autism%20prevalence%20vs.%20birth%20year%20trends%20were%20calculated%20independently%20from%20snapshots%20of%20data%20from%20the%20most%20recent%20annual%20report%2C%20and%20by%20tracking%20prevalence%20at%20a%20constant%20age%20over%20many%20years%20of%20reports.%20The%20ratio%20of%20the%20snapshot%3Atracking%20trend%20slopes%20was%20used%20to%20estimate%20the%20%26quot%3Breal%26quot%3B%20fraction%20of%20the%20increase%20in%20autism.%5CnRESULTS%3A%20The%20CDDS%20and%20IDEA%20data%20sets%20are%20qualitatively%20consistent%20in%20suggesting%20a%20strong%20increase%20in%20autism%20prevalence%20over%20recent%20decades.%20The%20quantitative%20comparison%20of%20IDEA%20snapshot%20and%20constant-age%20tracking%20trend%20slopes%20suggests%20that%20~75-80%25%20of%20the%20tracked%20increase%20in%20autism%20since%201988%20is%20due%20to%20an%20actual%20increase%20in%20the%20disorder%20rather%20than%20to%20changing%20diagnostic%20criteria.%20Most%20of%20the%20suspected%20environmental%20toxins%20examined%20have%20flat%20or%20decreasing%20temporal%20trends%20that%20correlate%20poorly%20to%20the%20rise%20in%20autism.%20Some%2C%20including%20lead%2C%20organochlorine%20pesticides%20and%20vehicular%20emissions%2C%20have%20strongly%20decreasing%20trends.%20Among%20the%20suspected%20toxins%20surveyed%2C%20polybrominated%20diphenyl%20ethers%2C%20aluminum%20adjuvants%2C%20and%20the%20herbicide%20glyphosate%20have%20increasing%20trends%20that%20correlate%20positively%20to%20the%20rise%20in%20autism.%5CnCONCLUSIONS%3A%20Diagnosed%20autism%20prevalence%20has%20risen%20dramatically%20in%20the%20U.S%20over%20the%20last%20several%20decades%20and%20continued%20to%20trend%20upward%20as%20of%20birth%20year%202005.%20The%20increase%20is%20mainly%20real%20and%20has%20occurred%20mostly%20since%20the%20late%201980s.%20In%20contrast%2C%20children%26%23039%3Bs%20exposure%20to%20most%20of%20the%20top%20ten%20toxic%20compounds%20has%20remained%20flat%20or%20decreased%20over%20this%20same%20time%20frame.%20Environmental%20factors%20with%20increasing%20temporal%20trends%20can%20help%20suggest%20hypotheses%20for%20drivers%20of%20autism%20that%20merit%20further%20investigation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014-09-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1186%5C%2F1476-069X-13-73%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221476-069X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%229W3SMUF4%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-20T05%3A44%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229BCBXSBD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Health%20and%20director%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHealth%2C%20J.%20B.%20is%20director%20of%20the%20N.%20I.%20of%2C%20%26amp%3B%20director%2C%20%20where%20M.%20J.%20M.%20is%20principal%20deputy.%20%28n.d.%29.%20NIH%20Directors%3A%20The%20World%20Needs%20a%20New%20Pandemic%20Playbook.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCity%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Retrieved%20November%2015%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.city-journal.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fnih-jay-bhattacharya-covid-pandemic-lab%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.city-journal.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fnih-jay-bhattacharya-covid-pandemic-lab%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22NIH%20Directors%3A%20The%20World%20Needs%20a%20New%20Pandemic%20Playbook%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jay%20Bhattacharya%20is%20director%20of%20the%20National%20Institutes%20of%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Health%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22where%20Matthew%20J.%20Memoli%20is%20principal%20deputy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22director%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20old%20one%20failed%20to%20cope%20with%20Covid%20and%20may%20even%20have%20caused%20it.%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22City%20Journal%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.city-journal.org%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fnih-jay-bhattacharya-covid-pandemic-lab%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-15T07%3A18%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2273RB4TBW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Neitzel%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-06-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNeitzel%2C%20A.%20%282025%2C%20June%202%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BHow%20Dr.%20Oz%20Hyped%20Trump%26%23x2019%3Bs%20COVID%20Snake%20Oil%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.importantcontext.news%5C%2Fp%5C%2Fhow-dr-oz-hyped-trumps-covid-snake%3Futm_medium%3Dweb%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.importantcontext.news%5C%2Fp%5C%2Fhow-dr-oz-hyped-trumps-covid-snake%3Futm_medium%3Dweb%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22How%20Dr.%20Oz%20Hyped%20Trump%5Cu2019s%20COVID%20Snake%20Oil%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Allison%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neitzel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Now%20he%5Cu2019s%20Trump%5Cu2019s%20pick%20to%20run%20the%20Centers%20for%20Medicare%20and%20Medicaid%20Services.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-06-02%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.importantcontext.news%5C%2Fp%5C%2Fhow-dr-oz-hyped-trumps-covid-snake%3Futm_medium%3Dweb%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AGR6VC5X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-11-14T03%3A40%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MFJL9ZWZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jewett%20and%20Stolberg%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-12-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJewett%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Stolberg%2C%20S.%20G.%20%282024%2C%20December%2013%29.%20Kennedy%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Lawyer%20Has%20Asked%20the%20F.D.A.%20to%20Revoke%20Approval%20of%20the%20Polio%20Vaccine.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20New%20York%20Times%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2024%5C%2F12%5C%2F13%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Faaron-siri-rfk-jr-vaccines.html%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2024%5C%2F12%5C%2F13%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Faaron-siri-rfk-jr-vaccines.html%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22newspaperArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Kennedy%5Cu2019s%20Lawyer%20Has%20Asked%20the%20F.D.A.%20to%20Revoke%20Approval%20of%20the%20Polio%20Vaccine%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jewett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sheryl%20Gay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stolberg%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Aaron%20Siri%2C%20who%20specializes%20in%20vaccine%20lawsuits%2C%20has%20been%20at%20Robert%20F.%20Kennedy%20Jr.%5Cu2019s%20side%20reviewing%20candidates%20for%20top%20jobs%20at%20the%20Department%20of%20Health%20and%20Human%20Services.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-12-13%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22Health%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220362-4331%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2024%5C%2F12%5C%2F13%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Faaron-siri-rfk-jr-vaccines.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-07T15%3A24%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PINJCW45%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Naicker%20A%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNaicker%20A%2C%20E.%20S.%2C%20Venter%20CS%2C%20MacIntyre%20UE.%20%282015%29.%20Dietary%20quality%20and%20patterns%20and%20non-communicable%20disease%20risk%20of%20an%20Indian%20community%20in%20KwaZulu-Natal%2C%20South%20Africa.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Health%2C%20Population%2C%20and%20Nutrition%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26825059%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26825059%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dietary%20quality%20and%20patterns%20and%20non-communicable%20disease%20risk%20of%20an%20Indian%20community%20in%20KwaZulu-Natal%2C%20South%20Africa.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ellis%20S%2C%20Venter%20CS%2C%20MacIntyre%20UE%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Naicker%20A%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26825059%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ALE2HU7F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-07T04%3A41%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U8E9R2C4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bhoir%20SA%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBhoir%20SA%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Sharma%20D.%20%282025%29.%20Millets%2C%20pulses%2C%20and%20oil%20seeds-based%20flatbread%20premix%3A%20A%20protein-rich%20functional%20food%20for%20healthier%20dietary%20habits%20and%20prevention%20of%20lifestyle%20disorders.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Food%20Science%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F40271796%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F40271796%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Millets%2C%20pulses%2C%20and%20oil%20seeds-based%20flatbread%20premix%3A%20A%20protein-rich%20functional%20food%20for%20healthier%20dietary%20habits%20and%20prevention%20of%20lifestyle%20disorders.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jamdar%20S%2C%20Sharma%20D%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bhoir%20SA%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F40271796%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ALE2HU7F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-07T04%3A41%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222G5R6TV2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kaur%20B%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKaur%20B%2C%20H.%20C.%2C%20Ranawana%20V%2C%20Teh%20AL.%20%282015%29.%20The%20Glycemic%20Potential%20of%20White%20and%20Red%20Rice%20Affected%20by%20Oil%20Type%20and%20Time%20of%20Addition.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Food%20Science%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26352188%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26352188%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Glycemic%20Potential%20of%20White%20and%20Red%20Rice%20Affected%20by%20Oil%20Type%20and%20Time%20of%20Addition.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Henry%20CJ%2C%20Ranawana%20V%2C%20Teh%20AL%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaur%20B%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2F26352188%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ALE2HU7F%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-07T04%3A41%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229ZIUUEVA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22kellybrendel%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-05-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3Bkellybrendel.%20%282021%2C%20May%207%29.%20Covid%20vaccines%20for%20children%20should%20not%20get%20emergency%20use%20authorization.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20BMJ%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fblogs.bmj.com%5C%2Fbmj%5C%2F2021%5C%2F05%5C%2F07%5C%2Fcovid-vaccines-for-children-should-not-get-emergency-use-authorization%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fblogs.bmj.com%5C%2Fbmj%5C%2F2021%5C%2F05%5C%2F07%5C%2Fcovid-vaccines-for-children-should-not-get-emergency-use-authorization%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22blogPost%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Covid%20vaccines%20for%20children%20should%20not%20get%20emergency%20use%20authorization%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22kellybrendel%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Emergency%20use%20authorization%20for%20mass%20child%20vaccination%20presents%20a%20different%20balance%20of%20risks%20and%20benefits%20than%20it%20did%20for%20adults%2C%20say%20Wesley%20Pegden%2C%20Vinay%20Prasad%2C%20and%20Stefan%20Baral%20The%20rapid%20%5B...%5DMore...%22%2C%22blogTitle%22%3A%22The%20BMJ%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-05-07T12%3A57%3A16%2B00%3A00%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fblogs.bmj.com%5C%2Fbmj%5C%2F2021%5C%2F05%5C%2F07%5C%2Fcovid-vaccines-for-children-should-not-get-emergency-use-authorization%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22PBQDDFBR%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-07T04%3A20%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DS9V9Y7C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Oreskes%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-11-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BOreskes%2C%20N.%20%282023%2C%20November%201%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BWhat%20Went%20Wrong%20with%20a%20Highly%20Publicized%20COVID%20Mask%20Analysis%3F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%20Scientific%20American.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fwhat-went-wrong-with-a-highly-publicized-covid-mask-analysis%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fwhat-went-wrong-with-a-highly-publicized-covid-mask-analysis%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22What%20Went%20Wrong%20with%20a%20Highly%20Publicized%20COVID%20Mask%20Analysis%3F%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Naomi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Oreskes%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Cochrane%20Library%2C%20a%20trusted%20source%20of%20health%20information%2C%20misled%20the%20public%20by%20prioritizing%20rigor%20over%20reality%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-11-01%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fwhat-went-wrong-with-a-highly-publicized-covid-mask-analysis%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22G3EGI7K6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-04T20%3A57%3A53Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226X3YU4KX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jefferson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJefferson%2C%20T.%2C%20Mar%2C%20C.%20B.%20D.%2C%20Dooley%2C%20L.%2C%20Ferroni%2C%20E.%2C%20Al-Ansary%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Bawazeer%2C%20G.%20A.%2C%20Driel%2C%20M.%20L.%20van%2C%20Jones%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Thorning%2C%20S.%2C%20Beller%2C%20E.%20M.%2C%20Clark%2C%20J.%2C%20Hoffmann%2C%20T.%20C.%2C%20Glasziou%2C%20P.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Conly%2C%20J.%20M.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPhysical%20interventions%20to%20interrupt%20or%20reduce%20the%20spread%20of%20respiratory%20viruses%20-%20Jefferson%2C%20T%20-%202020%20%7C%20Cochrane%20Library%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Retrieved%20September%204%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub5%5C%2Ffull%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub5%5C%2Ffull%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Physical%20interventions%20to%20interrupt%20or%20reduce%20the%20spread%20of%20respiratory%20viruses%20-%20Jefferson%2C%20T%20-%202020%20%7C%20Cochrane%20Library%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jefferson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%20B.%20Del%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dooley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eliana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferroni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubna%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Al-Ansary%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ghada%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bawazeer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mieke%20L.%20van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sarah%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elaine%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tammy%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glasziou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conly%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221465-1858%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub5%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22G3EGI7K6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-04T20%3A54%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MPDPBF2R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BRemarks%20by%20President%20Trump%20in%20Press%20Briefing%20%7C%20July%2028%2C%202020%20%26%23x2013%3B%20The%20White%20House%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20September%204%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%5C%2Fbriefings-statements%5C%2Fremarks-president-trump-press-briefing-july-28-2020%5C%2F%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%5C%2Fbriefings-statements%5C%2Fremarks-president-trump-press-briefing-july-28-2020%5C%2F%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Remarks%20by%20President%20Trump%20in%20Press%20Briefing%20%7C%20July%2028%2C%202020%20%5Cu2013%20The%20White%20House%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Ftrumpwhitehouse.archives.gov%5C%2Fbriefings-statements%5C%2Fremarks-president-trump-press-briefing-july-28-2020%5C%2F%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-04T06%3A15%3A40Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RTHE3NQQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jefferson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJefferson%2C%20T.%2C%20Dooley%2C%20L.%2C%20Ferroni%2C%20E.%2C%20Al-Ansary%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Driel%2C%20M.%20L.%20van%2C%20Bawazeer%2C%20G.%20A.%2C%20Jones%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Hoffmann%2C%20T.%20C.%2C%20Clark%2C%20J.%2C%20Beller%2C%20E.%20M.%2C%20Glasziou%2C%20P.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Conly%2C%20J.%20M.%20%28n.d.%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPhysical%20interventions%20to%20interrupt%20or%20reduce%20the%20spread%20of%20respiratory%20viruses%20-%20Jefferson%2C%20T%20-%202023%20%7C%20Cochrane%20Library%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20Retrieved%20September%204%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub6%5C%2Ffull%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub6%5C%2Ffull%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Physical%20interventions%20to%20interrupt%20or%20reduce%20the%20spread%20of%20respiratory%20viruses%20-%20Jefferson%2C%20T%20-%202023%20%7C%20Cochrane%20Library%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jefferson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dooley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eliana%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ferroni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lubna%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Al-Ansary%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mieke%20L.%20van%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Driel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ghada%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bawazeer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tammy%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hoffmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Justin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Clark%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elaine%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Glasziou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conly%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221465-1858%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.cochranelibrary.com%5C%2Fcdsr%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F14651858.CD006207.pub6%5C%2Ffull%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22G3EGI7K6%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-04T05%3A27%3A13Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KAUSFRFA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BCryptic%20transmission%20of%20novel%20coronavirus%20revealed%20by%20genomic%20epidemiology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20September%202%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbedford.io%5C%2Fblog%5C%2Fncov-cryptic-transmission%5C%2F%3Futm_source%3Dchatgpt.com%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbedford.io%5C%2Fblog%5C%2Fncov-cryptic-transmission%5C%2F%3Futm_source%3Dchatgpt.com%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cryptic%20transmission%20of%20novel%20coronavirus%20revealed%20by%20genomic%20epidemiology%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fbedford.io%5C%2Fblog%5C%2Fncov-cryptic-transmission%5C%2F%3Futm_source%3Dchatgpt.com%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22CSPBG82R%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-02T21%3A51%3A50Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223FREVG72%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hadfield%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHadfield%2C%20J.%2C%20Megill%2C%20C.%2C%20Bell%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Huddleston%2C%20J.%2C%20Potter%2C%20B.%2C%20Callender%2C%20C.%2C%20Sagulenko%2C%20P.%2C%20Bedford%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Neher%2C%20R.%20A.%20%282018%29.%20Nextstrain%3A%20real-time%20tracking%20of%20pathogen%20evolution.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BBioinformatics%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B34%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2823%29%2C%204121%26%23x2013%3B4123.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fbioinformatics%5C%2Fbty407%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fbioinformatics%5C%2Fbty407%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Nextstrain%3A%20real-time%20tracking%20of%20pathogen%20evolution%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hadfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Colin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Megill%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sidney%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huddleston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Barney%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Potter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charlton%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Callender%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pavel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sagulenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Trevor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bedford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20A%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kelso%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Summary%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Understanding%20the%20spread%20and%20evolution%20of%20pathogens%20is%20important%20for%20effective%20public%20health%20measures%20and%20surveillance.%20Nextstrain%20consists%20of%20a%20database%20of%20viral%20genomes%2C%20a%20bioinformatics%20pipeline%20for%20phylodynamics%20analysis%2C%20and%20an%20interactive%20visualization%20platform.%20Together%20these%20present%20a%20real-time%20view%20into%20the%20evolution%20and%20spread%20of%20a%20range%20of%20viral%20pathogens%20of%20high%20public%20health%20importance.%20The%20visualization%20integrates%20sequence%20data%20with%20other%20data%20types%20such%20as%20geographic%20information%2C%20serology%2C%20or%20host%20species.%20Nextstrain%20compiles%20our%20current%20understanding%20into%20a%20single%20accessible%20location%2C%20open%20to%20health%20professionals%2C%20epidemiologists%2C%20virologists%20and%20the%20public%20alike.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Availability%20and%20implementation%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20All%20code%20%28predominantly%20JavaScript%20and%20Python%29%20is%20freely%20available%20from%20github.com%5C%2Fnextstrain%20and%20the%20web-application%20is%20available%20at%20nextstrain.org.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018-12-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fbioinformatics%5C%2Fbty407%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221367-4803%2C%201367-4811%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facademic.oup.com%5C%2Fbioinformatics%5C%2Farticle%5C%2F34%5C%2F23%5C%2F4121%5C%2F5001388%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22CSPBG82R%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-02T21%3A46%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DVG6LUUY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bedford%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-10-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBedford%2C%20T.%2C%20Greninger%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Roychoudhury%2C%20P.%2C%20Starita%2C%20L.%20M.%2C%20Famulare%2C%20M.%2C%20Huang%2C%20M.-L.%2C%20Nalla%2C%20A.%2C%20Pepper%2C%20G.%2C%20Reinhardt%2C%20A.%2C%20Xie%2C%20H.%2C%20Shrestha%2C%20L.%2C%20Nguyen%2C%20T.%20N.%2C%20Adler%2C%20A.%2C%20Brandstetter%2C%20E.%2C%20Cho%2C%20S.%2C%20Giroux%2C%20D.%2C%20Han%2C%20P.%20D.%2C%20Fay%2C%20K.%2C%20Frazar%2C%20C.%20D.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Jerome%2C%20K.%20R.%20%282020%29.%20Cryptic%20transmission%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20in%20Washington%20state.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B370%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286516%29%2C%20571%26%23x2013%3B575.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abc0523%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abc0523%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Cryptic%20transmission%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20in%20Washington%20state%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Trevor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bedford%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alexander%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greninger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pavitra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roychoudhury%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lea%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Starita%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Famulare%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Meei-Li%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Arun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nalla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregory%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pepper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Adam%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reinhardt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lasata%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shrestha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Truong%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nguyen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amanda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Elisabeth%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brandstetter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shari%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Danielle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Giroux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Han%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kairsten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frazar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Misja%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilcisin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kirsten%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lacombe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jover%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anahita%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kiavand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Richardson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sibley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Truong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Caitlin%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wolf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Deborah%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nickerson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mark%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rieder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Janet%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Englund%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22The%20Seattle%20Flu%20Study%20Investigators%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hadfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hodcroft%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huddleston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Louise%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moncla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicola%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00fcller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Richard%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xianding%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scot%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Federman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Charles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chiu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duchin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Romesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gautom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoff%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hiatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dykema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Scott%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lindquist%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Krista%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Queen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ying%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Uehara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Suxiang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Duncan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacCannell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gregory%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Armstrong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Geoffrey%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baird%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Helen%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shendure%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Keith%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jerome%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22After%20its%20emergence%20in%20Wuhan%2C%20China%2C%20in%20late%20November%20or%20early%20December%202019%2C%20the%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%202%20%28SARS-CoV-2%29%20virus%20rapidly%20spread%20globally.%20Genome%20sequencing%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20allows%20the%20reconstruction%20of%20its%20transmission%20history%2C%20although%20this%20is%20contingent%20on%20sampling.%20We%20analyzed%20453%20SARS-CoV-2%20genomes%20collected%20between%2020%20February%20and%2015%20March%202020%20from%20infected%20patients%20in%20Washington%20state%20in%20the%20United%20States.%20We%20find%20that%20most%20SARS-CoV-2%20infections%20sampled%20during%20this%20time%20derive%20from%20a%20single%20introduction%20in%20late%20January%20or%20early%20February%202020%2C%20which%20subsequently%20spread%20locally%20before%20active%20community%20surveillance%20was%20implemented.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-10-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.abc0523%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abc0523%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22CSPBG82R%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-02T21%3A36%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QMCKYK4F%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Rabin%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-01-21%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRabin%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282020%2C%20January%2021%29.%20First%20Patient%20With%20Wuhan%20Coronavirus%20Is%20Identified%20in%20the%20U.S.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20New%20York%20Times%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2020%5C%2F01%5C%2F21%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Fcdc-coronavirus.html%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2020%5C%2F01%5C%2F21%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Fcdc-coronavirus.html%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22newspaperArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22First%20Patient%20With%20Wuhan%20Coronavirus%20Is%20Identified%20in%20the%20U.S.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roni%20Caryn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rabin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20man%20in%20Washington%20State%20is%20infected%20with%20a%20new%20respiratory%20virus.%20Federal%20officials%20plan%20to%20expand%20screenings%20for%20the%20infection%20at%20major%20airports.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-01-21%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22Health%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220362-4331%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nytimes.com%5C%2F2020%5C%2F01%5C%2F21%5C%2Fhealth%5C%2Fcdc-coronavirus.html%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22CSPBG82R%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-09-02T21%3A26%3A39Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223IVH7AR6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ioannidis%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-07-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BIoannidis%2C%20J.%20P.%20A.%2C%20Pezzullo%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Cristiano%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Boccia%2C%20S.%20%282025%29.%20Global%20Estimates%20of%20Lives%20and%20Life-Years%20Saved%20by%20COVID-19%20Vaccination%20During%202020-2024.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJAMA%20Health%20Forum%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B6%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%287%29%2C%20e252223.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjamahealthforum.2025.2223%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjamahealthforum.2025.2223%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Global%20Estimates%20of%20Lives%20and%20Life-Years%20Saved%20by%20COVID-19%20Vaccination%20During%202020-2024%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ioannidis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Angelo%20Maria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pezzullo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Antonio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cristiano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefania%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boccia%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Estimating%20global%20lives%20and%20life-years%20saved%20is%20important%20to%20put%20into%20perspective%20the%20benefits%20of%20COVID-19%20vaccination.%20Prior%20studies%20have%20focused%20mainly%20on%20the%20pre-Omicron%20period%20or%20only%20on%20specific%20regions%2C%20and%20lack%20crucial%20life-year%20calculations%20and%20often%20depend%20on%20strong%20modeling%20assumptions%20with%20unaccounted%20uncertainty.To%20calculate%20the%20lives%20and%20life-years%20saved%20by%20COVID-19%20vaccination%20worldwide%20from%20the%20onset%20of%20the%20vaccination%20campaigns%20and%20until%20October%201%2C%202024.This%20comparative%20effectiveness%20study%20considered%20different%20strata%20of%20the%20worldwide%20population%20according%20to%20age%2C%20community-dwelling%20and%20long-term%20care%20residence%20status%2C%20pre-Omicron%20and%20Omicron%20periods%2C%20and%20vaccination%20before%20and%20after%20a%20SARS-CoV-2%20infection.Any%20COVID-19%20vaccination%20in%20any%20schedule%20and%20number%20of%20doses.Death.In%20the%20main%20analysis%2C%20more%20than%202.5%20million%20deaths%20were%20averted%20%281%20death%20averted%20per%205400%20vaccine%20doses%20administered%29.%20Eighty-two%20percent%20were%20among%20people%20vaccinated%20before%20any%20infection%2C%2057%25%20were%20during%20the%20Omicron%20period%2C%20and%2090%25%20pertained%20to%20people%2060%20years%20or%20older.%20Sensitivity%20analyses%20suggested%201.4%20to%204.0%20million%20lives%20were%20saved.%20Some%20sensitivity%20analyses%20showed%20a%20preponderance%20of%20the%20benefit%20during%20the%20pre-Omicron%20period.%20An%20estimated%2014.8%20million%20life-years%20were%20saved%20%281%20life-year%20saved%20per%20900%20vaccine%20doses%20administered%29.%20The%20sensitivity%20range%20was%207.4%20to%2023.6%20million%20life-years.%20Most%20life-years%20saved%20%2876%25%29%20were%20among%20people%2060%20years%20or%20older%2C%20but%20long-term%20care%20residents%20contributed%20only%202%25%20of%20the%20total.%20Children%20and%20adolescents%20%280.01%25%20of%20lives%20saved%20and%200.1%25%20of%20life-years%20saved%29%20and%20young%20adults%20aged%2020%20through%2029%20years%20%280.07%25%20of%20lives%20saved%20and%200.3%25%20of%20life-years%20saved%29%20had%20very%20small%20contributions%20to%20the%20total%20benefit.Estimates%20in%20this%20study%20are%20substantially%20more%20conservative%20than%20previous%20calculations%20focusing%20mostly%20on%20the%20first%20year%20of%20vaccination%2C%20but%20they%20still%20clearly%20demonstrate%20a%20major%20overall%20benefit%20from%20COVID-19%20vaccination%20during%20the%20years%202020-2024.%20Most%20benefits%20in%20lives%20and%20life-years%20saved%20was%20secured%20for%20a%20portion%20of%20older%20persons%2C%20a%20minority%20of%20the%20global%20population.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-07-25%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1001%5C%2Fjamahealthforum.2025.2223%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222689-0186%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1001%5C%2Fjamahealthforum.2025.2223%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-12T19%3A02%3A14Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T6FV2D3R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Walsh%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWalsh%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Spillane%2C%20S.%2C%20Comber%2C%20L.%2C%20Cardwell%2C%20K.%2C%20Harrington%2C%20P.%2C%20Connell%2C%20J.%2C%20Teljeur%2C%20C.%2C%20Broderick%2C%20N.%2C%20de%20Gascun%2C%20C.%20F.%2C%20Smith%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Ryan%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20O%26%23x2019%3BNeill%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20The%20duration%20of%20infectiousness%20of%20individuals%20infected%20with%20SARS-CoV-2.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Journal%20of%20Infection%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B81%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20847%26%23x2013%3B856.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20duration%20of%20infectiousness%20of%20individuals%20infected%20with%20SARS-CoV-2%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walsh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spillane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Comber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeff%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Connell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Conor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Teljeur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natasha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Broderick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cillian%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Gascun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1ir%5Cu00edn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Neill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5Cu202215%20studies%20were%20included%20-%2013%20SARS-CoV-2%20culture%20and%202%20contact%20tracing%20studies.%5Cu2022Mild-to-moderate%20COVID-19%20patients%20highly%20unlikely%20to%20be%20infectious%20after%20day%2010.%5Cu2022Immunocompromised%20and%20severe-to-critical%20patients%20may%20be%20infectious%20for%20%26gt%3B10%20days.%5Cu2022This%20evidence%20may%20be%20used%20to%20inform%20duration%20of%20isolation%20guidance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220163-4453%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7547320%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RDP32JJN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T19%3A39%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CL49RPFE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Walsh%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWalsh%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Spillane%2C%20S.%2C%20Comber%2C%20L.%2C%20Cardwell%2C%20K.%2C%20Harrington%2C%20P.%2C%20Connell%2C%20J.%2C%20Teljeur%2C%20C.%2C%20Broderick%2C%20N.%2C%20de%20Gascun%2C%20C.%20F.%2C%20Smith%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Ryan%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20O%26%23x2019%3BNeill%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20The%20duration%20of%20infectiousness%20of%20individuals%20infected%20with%20SARS-CoV-2.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20Journal%20of%20Infection%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B81%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20847%26%23x2013%3B856.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20duration%20of%20infectiousness%20of%20individuals%20infected%20with%20SARS-CoV-2%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kieran%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walsh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Spillane%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Comber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harrington%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeff%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Connell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Conor%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Teljeur%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Natasha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Broderick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cillian%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Gascun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Susan%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%5Cu00e1ir%5Cu00edn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michelle%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Neill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5Cu202215%20studies%20were%20included%20-%2013%20SARS-CoV-2%20culture%20and%202%20contact%20tracing%20studies.%5Cu2022Mild-to-moderate%20COVID-19%20patients%20highly%20unlikely%20to%20be%20infectious%20after%20day%2010.%5Cu2022Immunocompromised%20and%20severe-to-critical%20patients%20may%20be%20infectious%20for%20%26gt%3B10%20days.%5Cu2022This%20evidence%20may%20be%20used%20to%20inform%20duration%20of%20isolation%20guidance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020-12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jinf.2020.10.009%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220163-4453%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7547320%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RDP32JJN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A26%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SHG8ERM6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Riemersma%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-09-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BRiemersma%2C%20K.%20K.%2C%20Haddock%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20N.%20A.%2C%20Minor%2C%20N.%2C%20Eickhoff%2C%20J.%2C%20Grogan%2C%20B.%20E.%2C%20Kita-Yarbro%2C%20A.%2C%20Halfmann%2C%20P.%20J.%2C%20Segaloff%2C%20H.%20E.%2C%20Kocharian%2C%20A.%2C%20Florek%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Westergaard%2C%20R.%2C%20Bateman%2C%20A.%2C%20Jeppson%2C%20G.%20E.%2C%20Kawaoka%2C%20Y.%2C%20O%26%23x2019%3BConnor%2C%20D.%20H.%2C%20Friedrich%2C%20T.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Grande%2C%20K.%20M.%20%282022%29.%20Shedding%20of%20infectious%20SARS-CoV-2%20despite%20vaccination.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPLOS%20Pathogens%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B18%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%289%29%2C%20e1010876.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.ppat.1010876%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.ppat.1010876%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Shedding%20of%20infectious%20SARS-CoV-2%20despite%20vaccination%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kasen%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riemersma%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luis%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haddock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nancy%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eickhoff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brittany%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grogan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amanda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kita-Yarbro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Halfmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hannah%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Segaloff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kocharian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kelsey%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Florek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ryan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Westergaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Allen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bateman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gunnar%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeppson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yoshihiro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawaoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%5Cu2019Connor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katarina%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grande%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krammer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20SARS-CoV-2%20Delta%20Variant%20of%20Concern%20is%20highly%20transmissible%20and%20contains%20mutations%20that%20confer%20partial%20immune%20escape.%20The%20emergence%20of%20Delta%20in%20North%20America%20caused%20the%20first%20surge%20in%20COVID-19%20cases%20after%20SARS-CoV-2%20vaccines%20became%20widely%20available.%20To%20determine%20whether%20individuals%20infected%20despite%20vaccination%20might%20be%20capable%20of%20transmitting%20SARS-CoV-2%2C%20we%20compared%20RT-PCR%20cycle%20threshold%20%28Ct%29%20data%20from%2020%2C431%20test-positive%20anterior%20nasal%20swab%20specimens%20from%20fully%20vaccinated%20%28n%20%3D%209%2C347%29%20or%20unvaccinated%20%28n%20%3D%2011%2C084%29%20individuals%20tested%20at%20a%20single%20commercial%20laboratory%20during%20the%20interval%2028%20June%5Cu2013%201%20December%202021%20when%20Delta%20variants%20were%20predominant.%20We%20observed%20no%20significant%20effect%20of%20vaccine%20status%20alone%20on%20Ct%20value%2C%20nor%20when%20controlling%20for%20vaccine%20product%20or%20sex.%20Testing%20a%20subset%20of%20low-Ct%20%28%26lt%3B25%29%20samples%2C%20we%20detected%20infectious%20virus%20at%20similar%20rates%2C%20and%20at%20similar%20titers%2C%20in%20specimens%20from%20vaccinated%20and%20unvaccinated%20individuals.%20These%20data%20indicate%20that%20vaccinated%20individuals%20infected%20with%20Delta%20variants%20are%20capable%20of%20shedding%20infectious%20SARS-CoV-2%20and%20could%20play%20a%20role%20in%20spreading%20COVID-19.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-9-30%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1371%5C%2Fjournal.ppat.1010876%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221553-7374%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.plos.org%5C%2F10.1371%5C%2Fjournal.ppat.1010876%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A24%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VHK8NYHA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Solis%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-12-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSolis%2C%20O.%2C%20Beccari%2C%20A.%20R.%2C%20Iaconis%2C%20D.%2C%20Talarico%2C%20C.%2C%20Ruiz-Bedoya%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20Nwachukwu%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Cimini%2C%20A.%2C%20Castelli%2C%20V.%2C%20Bertini%2C%20R.%2C%20Montopoli%2C%20M.%2C%20Cocetta%2C%20V.%2C%20Borocci%2C%20S.%2C%20Prandi%2C%20I.%20G.%2C%20Flavahan%2C%20K.%2C%20Bahr%2C%20M.%2C%20Napiorkowski%2C%20A.%2C%20Chillemi%2C%20G.%2C%20Ooka%2C%20M.%2C%20Yang%2C%20X.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Michaelides%2C%20M.%20%282022%29.%20The%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20protein%20binds%20and%20modulates%20estrogen%20receptors.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScience%20Advances%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2848%29%2C%20eadd4150.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.add4150%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.add4150%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20protein%20binds%20and%20modulates%20estrogen%20receptors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Oscar%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Solis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andrea%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beccari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Iaconis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carmine%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talarico%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Camilo%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ruiz-Bedoya%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jerome%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nwachukwu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Annamaria%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cimini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vanessa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Riccardo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bertini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Monica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montopoli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Veronica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cocetta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefano%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Borocci%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ingrid%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Prandi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kelly%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flavahan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Melissa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bahr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Napiorkowski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Giovanni%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chillemi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Masato%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ooka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaoping%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shiliang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Menghang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jordi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonaventura%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pomper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jody%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hooper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marisela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morales%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Avi%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kendall%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nettles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sanjay%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marcello%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allegretti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michaelides%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%202%20%28SARS-CoV-2%29%20spike%20%28S%29%20protein%20binds%20angiotensin-converting%20enzyme%202%20as%20its%20primary%20infection%20mechanism.%20Interactions%20between%20S%20and%20endogenous%20proteins%20occur%20after%20infection%20but%20are%20not%20well%20understood.%20We%20profiled%20binding%20of%20S%20against%20%26gt%3B9000%20human%20proteins%20and%20found%20an%20interaction%20between%20S%20and%20human%20estrogen%20receptor%20%5Cu03b1%20%28ER%5Cu03b1%29.%20Using%20bioinformatics%2C%20supercomputing%2C%20and%20experimental%20assays%2C%20we%20identified%20a%20highly%20conserved%20and%20functional%20nuclear%20receptor%20coregulator%20%28NRC%29%20LXD-like%20motif%20on%20the%20S2%20subunit.%20In%20cultured%20cells%2C%20S%20DNA%20transfection%20increased%20ER%5Cu03b1%20cytoplasmic%20accumulation%2C%20and%20S%20treatment%20induced%20ER-dependent%20biological%20effects.%20Non-invasive%20imaging%20in%20SARS-CoV-2%5Cu2013infected%20hamsters%20localized%20lung%20pathology%20with%20increased%20ER%5Cu03b1%20lung%20levels.%20Postmortem%20lung%20experiments%20from%20infected%20hamsters%20and%20humans%20confirmed%20an%20increase%20in%20cytoplasmic%20ER%5Cu03b1%20and%20its%20colocalization%20with%20S%20in%20alveolar%20macrophages.%20These%20findings%20describe%20the%20discovery%20of%20a%20S-ER%5Cu03b1%20interaction%2C%20imply%20a%20role%20for%20S%20as%20an%20NRC%2C%20and%20advance%20knowledge%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20biology%20and%20coronavirus%20disease%202019%20pathology.%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2C%20%5Cn%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Interactions%20identified%20between%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20Spike%20protein%20and%20estrogen%20receptors%20in%20humans%20and%20laboratory%20animals.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-12-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.add4150%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222375-2548%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fsciadv.add4150%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A24%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229JQRB595%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Nushida%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BNushida%2C%20H.%2C%20Ito%2C%20A.%2C%20Kurata%2C%20H.%2C%20Umemoto%2C%20H.%2C%20Tokunaga%2C%20I.%2C%20Iseki%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nishimura%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20A%20case%20of%20fatal%20multi-organ%20inflammation%20following%20COVID-19%20vaccination.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BLegal%20Medicine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B63%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20102244.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.legalmed.2023.102244%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.legalmed.2023.102244%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20case%20of%20fatal%20multi-organ%20inflammation%20following%20COVID-19%20vaccination%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hideyuki%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nushida%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Asuka%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hiromitsu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kurata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hitomi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Umemoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Itsuo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tokunaga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hirofumi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Iseki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Akiyoshi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nishimura%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2207%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.legalmed.2023.102244%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%2213446223%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%5C%2Fretrieve%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1344622323000548%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A24%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BSVABBDX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jara%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BJara%2C%20A.%2C%20Undurraga%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Gonz%26%23xE1%3Blez%2C%20C.%2C%20Paredes%2C%20F.%2C%20Fontecilla%2C%20T.%2C%20Jara%2C%20G.%2C%20Pizarro%2C%20A.%2C%20Acevedo%2C%20J.%2C%20Leo%2C%20K.%2C%20Leon%2C%20F.%2C%20Sans%2C%20C.%2C%20Leighton%2C%20P.%2C%20Su%26%23xE1%3Brez%2C%20P.%2C%20Garc%26%23xED%3Ba-Escorza%2C%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Araos%2C%20R.%20%282021%29.%20Effectiveness%20of%20an%20Inactivated%20SARS-CoV-2%20Vaccine%20in%20Chile.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNew%20England%20Journal%20of%20Medicine%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B385%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2810%29%2C%20875%26%23x2013%3B884.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMoa2107715%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMoa2107715%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effectiveness%20of%20an%20Inactivated%20SARS-CoV-2%20Vaccine%20in%20Chile%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eduardo%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Undurraga%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cecilia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gonz%5Cu00e1lez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Fabio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paredes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tom%5Cu00e1s%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fontecilla%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gonzalo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jara%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandra%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pizarro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Johanna%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Acevedo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katherinne%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francisco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carlos%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paulina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Leighton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pamela%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Su%5Cu00e1rez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heriberto%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garc%5Cu00eda-Escorza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rafael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Araos%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-09-02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1056%5C%2FNEJMoa2107715%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220028-4793%2C%201533-4406%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nejm.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1056%5C%2FNEJMoa2107715%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A24%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BTFMKA58%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSignificant%20Increase%20in%20Excess%20Deaths%20after%20Repeated%20COVID-19%20Vaccination%20in%20Japan.%20%282025%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJMA%20Journal%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B8%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%282%29.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.31662%5C%2Fjmaj.2024-0298%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.31662%5C%2Fjmaj.2024-0298%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Significant%20Increase%20in%20Excess%20Deaths%20after%20Repeated%20COVID-19%20Vaccination%20in%20Japan%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.31662%5C%2Fjmaj.2024-0298%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222433-3298%2C%202433-328X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.jmaj.jp%5C%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D10.31662%5C%2Fjmaj.2024-0298%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%224MHXKI4T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A24%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PZS3WMUN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Markov%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMarkov%2C%20P.%20V.%2C%20Ghafari%2C%20M.%2C%20Beer%2C%20M.%2C%20Lythgoe%2C%20K.%2C%20Simmonds%2C%20P.%2C%20Stilianakis%2C%20N.%20I.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Katzourakis%2C%20A.%20%282023%29.%20The%20evolution%20of%20SARS-CoV-2.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNature%20Reviews%20Microbiology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B21%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286%29%2C%20361%26%23x2013%3B379.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41579-023-00878-2%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41579-023-00878-2%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20evolution%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Markov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mahan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghafari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Beer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Katrina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lythgoe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simmonds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nikolaos%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stilianakis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Katzourakis%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%202%20%28SARS-CoV-2%29%20has%20caused%20millions%20of%20deaths%20and%20substantial%20morbidity%20worldwide.%20Intense%20scientific%20effort%20to%20understand%20the%20biology%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20has%20resulted%20in%20daunting%20numbers%20of%20genomic%20sequences.%20We%20witnessed%20evolutionary%20events%20that%20could%20mostly%20be%20inferred%20indirectly%20before%2C%20such%20as%20the%20emergence%20of%20variants%20with%20distinct%20phenotypes%2C%20for%20example%20transmissibility%2C%20severity%20and%20immune%20evasion.%20This%20Review%20explores%20the%20mechanisms%20that%20generate%20genetic%20variation%20in%20SARS-CoV-2%2C%20underlying%20the%20within-host%20and%20population-level%20processes%20that%20underpin%20these%20events.%20We%20examine%20the%20selective%20forces%20that%20likely%20drove%20the%20evolution%20of%20higher%20transmissibility%20and%2C%20in%20some%20cases%2C%20higher%20severity%20during%20the%20first%20year%20of%20the%20pandemic%20and%20the%20role%20of%20antigenic%20evolution%20during%20the%20second%20and%20third%20years%2C%20together%20with%20the%20implications%20of%20immune%20escape%20and%20reinfections%2C%20and%20the%20increasing%20evidence%20for%20and%20potential%20relevance%20of%20recombination.%20In%20order%20to%20understand%20how%20major%20lineages%2C%20such%20as%20variants%20of%20concern%20%28VOCs%29%2C%20are%20generated%2C%20we%20contrast%20the%20evidence%20for%20the%20chronic%20infection%20model%20underlying%20the%20emergence%20of%20VOCs%20with%20the%20possibility%20of%20an%20animal%20reservoir%20playing%20a%20role%20in%20SARS-CoV-2%20evolution%2C%20and%20conclude%20that%20the%20former%20is%20more%20likely.%20We%20evaluate%20uncertainties%20and%20outline%20scenarios%20for%20the%20possible%20future%20evolutionary%20trajectories%20of%20SARS-CoV-2.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41579-023-00878-2%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221740-1534%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41579-023-00878-2%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RDP32JJN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A21%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2277TUAMUR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bar-On%20et%20al.%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBar-On%2C%20Y.%20M.%2C%20Flamholz%2C%20A.%2C%20Phillips%2C%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Milo%2C%20R.%20%28n.d.%29.%20SARS-CoV-2%20%28COVID-19%29%20by%20the%20numbers.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BeLife%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20e57309.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7554%5C%2FeLife.57309%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.7554%5C%2FeLife.57309%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22SARS-CoV-2%20%28COVID-19%29%20by%20the%20numbers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yinon%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bar-On%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Avi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flamholz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rob%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Phillips%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ron%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Milo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20COVID-19%20pandemic%20is%20a%20harsh%20reminder%20of%20the%20fact%20that%2C%20whether%20in%20a%20single%20human%20host%20or%20a%20wave%20of%20infection%20across%20continents%2C%20viral%20dynamics%20is%20often%20a%20story%20about%20the%20numbers.%20In%20this%20article%20we%20provide%20a%20one-stop%2C%20curated%20graphical%20source%20for%20the%20key%20numbers%20%28based%20mostly%20on%20the%20peer-reviewed%20literature%29%20about%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20virus%20that%20is%20responsible%20for%20the%20pandemic.%20The%20discussion%20is%20framed%20around%20two%20broad%20themes%3A%20i%29%20the%20biology%20of%20the%20virus%20itself%3B%20ii%29%20the%20characteristics%20of%20the%20infection%20of%20a%20single%20human%20host.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.7554%5C%2FeLife.57309%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222050-084X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%5C%2Fpmc%5C%2Farticles%5C%2FPMC7224694%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22RDP32JJN%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A17%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LQAKJG6J%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Manto%20and%20Kennard%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-05-30%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BManto%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Kennard%2C%20E.%20%282025%2C%20May%2030%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20MAHA%20Report%20Has%20Been%20Updated%20With%20Fresh%20Errors%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20NOTUS.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20MAHA%20Report%20Has%20Been%20Updated%20With%20Fresh%20Errors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Margaret%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Manto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kennard%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22One%20psychologist%20who%20is%20newly%20cited%20in%20the%20report%20said%20the%20updated%20reference%20misconstrues%20his%20research.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-05-30T19%3A08%3A56.687%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en-US%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AGR6VC5X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A15%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T2N4L6DB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BThe%20MAHA%20Report%20Has%20Been%20Updated%20With%20Fresh%20Errors%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%28n.d.%29.%20Retrieved%20August%208%2C%202025%2C%20from%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22webpage%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20MAHA%20Report%20Has%20Been%20Updated%20With%20Fresh%20Errors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.notus.org%5C%2Fhealth-science%5C%2Fmaha-report-update-citation-errors%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AGR6VC5X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A14%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WRDFHUFP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goldsmith%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGoldsmith%2C%20C.%20S.%2C%20Whistler%2C%20T.%2C%20Rollin%2C%20P.%20E.%2C%20Ksiazek%2C%20T.%20G.%2C%20Rota%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Bellini%2C%20W.%20J.%2C%20Daszak%2C%20P.%2C%20Wong%2C%20K.%20T.%2C%20Shieh%2C%20W.-J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Zaki%2C%20S.%20R.%20%282003%29.%20Elucidation%20of%20Nipah%20virus%20morphogenesis%20and%20replication%20using%20ultrastructural%20and%20molecular%20approaches.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BVirus%20Research%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B92%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2089%26%23x2013%3B98.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0168-1702%2802%2900323-4%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0168-1702%2802%2900323-4%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Elucidation%20of%20Nipah%20virus%20morphogenesis%20and%20replication%20using%20ultrastructural%20and%20molecular%20approaches%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Cynthia%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldsmith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Toni%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whistler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Pierre%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rollin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Thomas%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ksiazek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rota%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daszak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wun-Ju%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shieh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sherif%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zaki%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Nipah%20virus%2C%20which%20was%20first%20recognized%20during%20an%20outbreak%20of%20encephalitis%20with%20high%20mortality%20in%20Peninsular%20Malaysia%20during%201998-1999%2C%20is%20most%20closely%20related%20to%20Hendra%20virus%2C%20another%20emergent%20paramyxovirus%20first%20recognized%20in%20Australia%20in%201994.%20We%20have%20studied%20the%20morphologic%20features%20of%20Nipah%20virus%20in%20infected%20Vero%20E6%20cells%20and%20human%20brain%20by%20using%20standard%20and%20immunogold%20electron%20microscopy%20and%20ultrastructural%20in%20situ%20hybridization.%20Nipah%20virions%20are%20enveloped%20particles%20composed%20of%20a%20tangle%20of%20filamentous%20nucleocapsids%20and%20measured%20as%20large%20as%201900%20nm%20in%20diameter.%20The%20nucleocapsids%20measured%20up%20to%201.67%20microm%20in%20length%20and%20had%20the%20herringbone%20structure%20characteristic%20for%20paramyxoviruses.%20Cellular%20infection%20was%20associated%20with%20multinucleation%2C%20intracytoplasmic%20nucleocapsid%20inclusions%20%28NCIs%29%2C%20and%20long%20cytoplasmic%20tubules.%20Previously%20undescribed%20for%20other%20members%20of%20the%20family%20Paramyxoviridae%2C%20infected%20cells%20also%20contained%20an%20inclusion%20formed%20of%20reticular%20structures.%20Ultrastructural%20ISH%20studies%20suggest%20these%20inclusions%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20the%20transcription%20process.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222003-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22eng%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0168-1702%2802%2900323-4%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220168-1702%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AGR6VC5X%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A14%3A30Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22BRZSERGJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Worobey%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWorobey%2C%20M.%20%282021%29.%20Dissecting%20the%20early%20COVID-19%20cases%20in%20Wuhan.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B374%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%286572%29%2C%201202%26%23x2013%3B1204.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abm4454%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abm4454%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dissecting%20the%20early%20COVID-19%20cases%20in%20Wuhan%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Worobey%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021-12-03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.abm4454%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.abm4454%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22XILVUWNY%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A12%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L43SG3IQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Tang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-10-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTang%2C%20G.%2C%20Liu%2C%20Z.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Chen%2C%20D.%20%282022%29.%20Human%20coronaviruses%3A%20Origin%2C%20host%20and%20receptor.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BJournal%20of%20Clinical%20Virology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B155%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20105246.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jcv.2022.105246%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.jcv.2022.105246%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Human%20coronaviruses%3A%20Origin%2C%20host%20and%20receptor%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Guolu%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhenwei%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dehui%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Coronavirus%20is%20a%20type%20of%20RNA-positive%20single-stranded%20virus%20with%20an%20envelope%2C%20and%20the%20spines%20on%20its%20surface%20derived%20its%20official%20name.%20Seven%20human%20coronaviruses%20229E%2C%20OC43%2C%20SARS%2C%20NL63%2C%20HKU1%2C%20MERS%2C%20SARS-CoV-2%20can%20cause%20both%20a%20mild%20cold%20and%20an%20epidemic%20of%20large-scale%20deaths%20and%20injuries.%20Although%20their%20clinical%20manifestations%20and%20many%20other%20pathogens%20that%20cause%20human%20colds%20are%20similar%2C%20studying%20the%20relationship%20between%20their%20evolutionary%20history%20and%20the%20receptors%20that%20infect%20the%20host%20can%20provide%20important%20insights%20into%20the%20natural%20history%20of%20human%20epidemics%20in%20the%20past%20and%20future.%20In%20this%20review%2C%20we%20describe%20the%20basic%20virology%20of%20these%20seven%20coronaviruses%2C%20their%20partial%20genome%20characteristics%2C%20and%20emphasize%20the%20function%20of%20receptors.%20We%20summarize%20the%20current%20understanding%20of%20these%20viruses%20and%20discuss%20the%20potential%20host%20of%20wild%20animals%20of%20these%20coronaviruses%20and%20the%20origin%20of%20zoonotic%20diseases.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-10-01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.jcv.2022.105246%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221386-6532%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%5C%2Fscience%5C%2Farticle%5C%2Fpii%5C%2FS1386653222001780%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A09%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224KS7KMW9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A5074132%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Li%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-10-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BLi%2C%20W.%2C%20Shi%2C%20Z.%2C%20Yu%2C%20M.%2C%20Ren%2C%20W.%2C%20Smith%2C%20C.%2C%20Epstein%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Wang%2C%20H.%2C%20Crameri%2C%20G.%2C%20Hu%2C%20Z.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20H.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20J.%2C%20McEachern%2C%20J.%2C%20Field%2C%20H.%2C%20Daszak%2C%20P.%2C%20Eaton%2C%20B.%20T.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wang%2C%20L.-F.%20%282005%29.%20Bats%20Are%20Natural%20Reservoirs%20of%20SARS-Like%20Coronaviruses.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BScience%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B310%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%285748%29%2C%20676%26%23x2013%3B679.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1118391%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1118391%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bats%20Are%20Natural%20Reservoirs%20of%20SARS-Like%20Coronaviruses%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wendong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Li%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhengli%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Meng%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Wuze%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Epstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hanzhong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gary%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crameri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zhihong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Huajun%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jianhong%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McEachern%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hume%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Field%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Peter%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daszak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bryan%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eaton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Shuyi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lin-Fa%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20%28SARS%29%20emerged%20in%202002%20to%202003%20in%20southern%20China.%20The%20origin%20of%20its%20etiological%20agent%2C%20the%20SARS%20coronavirus%20%28SARS-CoV%29%2C%20remains%20elusive.%20Here%20we%20report%20that%20species%20of%20bats%20are%20a%20natural%20host%20of%20coronaviruses%20closely%20related%20to%20those%20responsible%20for%20the%20SARS%20outbreak.%20These%20viruses%2C%20termed%20SARS-like%20coronaviruses%20%28SL-CoVs%29%2C%20display%20greater%20genetic%20variation%20than%20SARS-CoV%20isolated%20from%20humans%20or%20from%20civets.%20The%20human%20and%20civet%20isolates%20of%20SARS-CoV%20nestle%20phylogenetically%20within%20the%20spectrum%20of%20SL-CoVs%2C%20indicating%20that%20the%20virus%20responsible%20for%20the%20SARS%20outbreak%20was%20a%20member%20of%20this%20coronavirus%20group.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005-10-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1118391%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.science.org%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1118391%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22ME7BZUQU%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-08-08T16%3A05%3A17Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Adamou, M., Jones, S. L., Fullen, T., Alty, B., Ward, J., & Nixon Mills, J. (2025). Enhancing Adult Autism Diagnostic Pathways: The Role of Clinical Triage in Efficient Service Provision. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(9), 2933. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092933
Hausman-kedem, M., Kosofsky, B., Ross, G., Yohay, K., Forrest, E., Dennin, M., Patel, R., Bennett, K., Holahan, J., & Ward, M. (2018). Accuracy of Reported Community Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9642-1
Hill, A. (2024, March 4). Some NHS centres twice as likely to diagnose adults as autistic, study finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2024/mar/04/some-nhs-centres-twice-as-likely-to-diagnose-adults-as-autistic-study-finds
Arvidsson, O., Brikell, I., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Kuja-Halkola, R., Johnson, M., Gillberg, C., & Lundström, S. (2025). ASD and ADHD symptoms in 18-year-olds – A population-based study of twins born 1993 to 2001. Psychiatry Research, 351, 116613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116613
Arvidsson, O., Brikell, I., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P., Kuja-Halkola, R., Johnson, M., Gillberg, C., & Lundström, S. (2025). ASD and ADHD symptoms in 18-year-olds – A population-based study of twins born 1993 to 2001. Psychiatry Research, 351, 116613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116613
Gallagher, C. M., & Goodman, M. S. (2010). Hepatitis B Vaccination of Male Neonates and Autism Diagnosis, NHIS 1997–2002. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 73(24), 1665–1677. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2010.519317
The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies. (2013). National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13563
Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality. (2012). National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13164
Download: The Childhood Immunization Schedule and Safety: Stakeholder Concerns, Scientific Evidence, and Future Studies | The National Academies Press. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2025, from https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/13563#
Download: Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality | The National Academies Press. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2025, from https://nap.nationalacademies.org/download/13164#
Geier, D. A., & Geier, M. R. (2006). A meta-analysis epidemiological assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders following vaccines administered from 1994 through 2000 in the United States. Neuro Endocrinology Letters, 27(4), 401–413.
Gidengil, C., Goetz, M. B., Newberry, S., Maglione, M., Hall, O., Larkin, J., Motala, A., & Hempel, S. (2021). Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization in the United States: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine, 39(28), 3696–3716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.079
Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623–3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085
Hviid, A., Hansen, J. V., Frisch, M., & Melbye, M. (2019). Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(8), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2101
Hviid, A., Hansen, J. V., Frisch, M., & Melbye, M. (2019). Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(8), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2101
Contentious study prompts backlash from autism researchers. (2021, August 11). The Transmitter: Neuroscience News and Perspectives. https://www.thetransmitter.org/spectrum/contentious-study-prompts-backlash-from-autism-researchers/
Zhao, L., Jones, J. P., Anderson, L. G., Konsoula, Z., Nevison, C. D., Reissner, K. J., & Parker, W. (2024). Acetaminophen causes neurodevelopmental injury in susceptible babies and children: no valid rationale for controversy. Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics, 67(3), 126–139. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2022.01319
Harrington, J. W., Rosen, L., Garnecho, A., & Patrick, P. A. (2006). Parental perceptions and use of complementary and alternative medicine practices for children with autistic spectrum disorders in private practice. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics: JDBP, 27(2 Suppl), S156-161. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604002-00014
Nevison, C. D. (2014). A comparison of temporal trends in United States autism prevalence to trends in suspected environmental factors. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 13, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-73
Health, J. B. is director of the N. I. of, & director, where M. J. M. is principal deputy. (n.d.). NIH Directors: The World Needs a New Pandemic Playbook. City Journal. Retrieved November 15, 2025, from https://www.city-journal.org/article/nih-jay-bhattacharya-covid-pandemic-lab
Neitzel, A. (2025, June 2). How Dr. Oz Hyped Trump’s COVID Snake Oil. https://www.importantcontext.news/p/how-dr-oz-hyped-trumps-covid-snake?utm_medium=web
Jewett, C., & Stolberg, S. G. (2024, December 13). Kennedy’s Lawyer Has Asked the F.D.A. to Revoke Approval of the Polio Vaccine. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/13/health/aaron-siri-rfk-jr-vaccines.html
Naicker A, E. S., Venter CS, MacIntyre UE. (2015). Dietary quality and patterns and non-communicable disease risk of an Indian community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26825059/
Bhoir SA, J. S., Sharma D. (2025). Millets, pulses, and oil seeds-based flatbread premix: A protein-rich functional food for healthier dietary habits and prevention of lifestyle disorders. Journal of Food Science. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40271796/
Kaur B, H. C., Ranawana V, Teh AL. (2015). The Glycemic Potential of White and Red Rice Affected by Oil Type and Time of Addition. Journal of Food Science. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26352188/
kellybrendel. (2021, May 7). Covid vaccines for children should not get emergency use authorization. The BMJ. https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/05/07/covid-vaccines-for-children-should-not-get-emergency-use-authorization/
Oreskes, N. (2023, November 1). What Went Wrong with a Highly Publicized COVID Mask Analysis? Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-went-wrong-with-a-highly-publicized-covid-mask-analysis/
Jefferson, T., Mar, C. B. D., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L. A., Bawazeer, G. A., Driel, M. L. van, Jones, M. A., Thorning, S., Beller, E. M., Clark, J., Hoffmann, T. C., Glasziou, P. P., & Conly, J. M. (n.d.). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses - Jefferson, T - 2020 | Cochrane Library. Retrieved September 4, 2025, from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub5/full
Remarks by President Trump in Press Briefing | July 28, 2020 – The White House. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2025, from https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-press-briefing-july-28-2020/
Jefferson, T., Dooley, L., Ferroni, E., Al-Ansary, L. A., Driel, M. L. van, Bawazeer, G. A., Jones, M. A., Hoffmann, T. C., Clark, J., Beller, E. M., Glasziou, P. P., & Conly, J. M. (n.d.). Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses - Jefferson, T - 2023 | Cochrane Library. Retrieved September 4, 2025, from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub6/full
Cryptic transmission of novel coronavirus revealed by genomic epidemiology. (n.d.). Retrieved September 2, 2025, from https://bedford.io/blog/ncov-cryptic-transmission/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Hadfield, J., Megill, C., Bell, S. M., Huddleston, J., Potter, B., Callender, C., Sagulenko, P., Bedford, T., & Neher, R. A. (2018). Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution. Bioinformatics, 34(23), 4121–4123. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty407
Bedford, T., Greninger, A. L., Roychoudhury, P., Starita, L. M., Famulare, M., Huang, M.-L., Nalla, A., Pepper, G., Reinhardt, A., Xie, H., Shrestha, L., Nguyen, T. N., Adler, A., Brandstetter, E., Cho, S., Giroux, D., Han, P. D., Fay, K., Frazar, C. D., … Jerome, K. R. (2020). Cryptic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Washington state. Science, 370(6516), 571–575. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abc0523
Rabin, R. C. (2020, January 21). First Patient With Wuhan Coronavirus Is Identified in the U.S. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/21/health/cdc-coronavirus.html
Ioannidis, J. P. A., Pezzullo, A. M., Cristiano, A., & Boccia, S. (2025). Global Estimates of Lives and Life-Years Saved by COVID-19 Vaccination During 2020-2024. JAMA Health Forum, 6(7), e252223. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.2223
Walsh, K. A., Spillane, S., Comber, L., Cardwell, K., Harrington, P., Connell, J., Teljeur, C., Broderick, N., de Gascun, C. F., Smith, S. M., Ryan, M., & O’Neill, M. (2020). The duration of infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of Infection, 81(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.009
Walsh, K. A., Spillane, S., Comber, L., Cardwell, K., Harrington, P., Connell, J., Teljeur, C., Broderick, N., de Gascun, C. F., Smith, S. M., Ryan, M., & O’Neill, M. (2020). The duration of infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of Infection, 81(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.10.009
Riemersma, K. K., Haddock, L. A., Wilson, N. A., Minor, N., Eickhoff, J., Grogan, B. E., Kita-Yarbro, A., Halfmann, P. J., Segaloff, H. E., Kocharian, A., Florek, K. R., Westergaard, R., Bateman, A., Jeppson, G. E., Kawaoka, Y., O’Connor, D. H., Friedrich, T. C., & Grande, K. M. (2022). Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 despite vaccination. PLOS Pathogens, 18(9), e1010876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010876
Solis, O., Beccari, A. R., Iaconis, D., Talarico, C., Ruiz-Bedoya, C. A., Nwachukwu, J. C., Cimini, A., Castelli, V., Bertini, R., Montopoli, M., Cocetta, V., Borocci, S., Prandi, I. G., Flavahan, K., Bahr, M., Napiorkowski, A., Chillemi, G., Ooka, M., Yang, X., … Michaelides, M. (2022). The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors. Science Advances, 8(48), eadd4150. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add4150
Nushida, H., Ito, A., Kurata, H., Umemoto, H., Tokunaga, I., Iseki, H., & Nishimura, A. (2023). A case of fatal multi-organ inflammation following COVID-19 vaccination. Legal Medicine, 63, 102244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102244
Jara, A., Undurraga, E. A., González, C., Paredes, F., Fontecilla, T., Jara, G., Pizarro, A., Acevedo, J., Leo, K., Leon, F., Sans, C., Leighton, P., Suárez, P., García-Escorza, H., & Araos, R. (2021). Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(10), 875–884. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2107715
Significant Increase in Excess Deaths after Repeated COVID-19 Vaccination in Japan. (2025). JMA Journal, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.31662/jmaj.2024-0298
Markov, P. V., Ghafari, M., Beer, M., Lythgoe, K., Simmonds, P., Stilianakis, N. I., & Katzourakis, A. (2023). The evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 21(6), 361–379. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-023-00878-2
Bar-On, Y. M., Flamholz, A., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (n.d.). SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by the numbers. eLife, 9, e57309. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.57309
Manto, M., & Kennard, E. (2025, May 30). The MAHA Report Has Been Updated With Fresh Errors. NOTUS. https://www.notus.org/health-science/maha-report-update-citation-errors
The MAHA Report Has Been Updated With Fresh Errors. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2025, from https://www.notus.org/health-science/maha-report-update-citation-errors
Goldsmith, C. S., Whistler, T., Rollin, P. E., Ksiazek, T. G., Rota, P. A., Bellini, W. J., Daszak, P., Wong, K. T., Shieh, W.-J., & Zaki, S. R. (2003). Elucidation of Nipah virus morphogenesis and replication using ultrastructural and molecular approaches. Virus Research, 92(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00323-4
Worobey, M. (2021). Dissecting the early COVID-19 cases in Wuhan. Science, 374(6572), 1202–1204. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abm4454
Tang, G., Liu, Z., & Chen, D. (2022). Human coronaviruses: Origin, host and receptor. Journal of Clinical Virology, 155, 105246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105246
Li, W., Shi, Z., Yu, M., Ren, W., Smith, C., Epstein, J. H., Wang, H., Crameri, G., Hu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., McEachern, J., Field, H., Daszak, P., Eaton, B. T., Zhang, S., & Wang, L.-F. (2005). Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses. Science, 310(5748), 676–679. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1118391